The Nature and the Origin of Ice Nuclei in the .Atmosphere

Isono, K.; Komabayasi, M.; Ono, Akira

doi:10.2151/jmsj1923.37.6_211

Cited by 144 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It has been known for a long time from both observations and laboratory studies that mineral dust particles are efficient ice nuclei (e.g., Mason and Maybank, 1958;Isono et al, 1959). Recent field measurements both confirm this (e.g.…”

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confidence: 90%

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

Wiacek

Peter²,

Lohmann³

2010

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. This modelling study explores the availability of mineral dust particles as ice nuclei for interactions with ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds, also tracking the particles' history of cloud-processing. We performed 61 320 oneweek forward trajectory calculations originating near the surface of major dust emitting regions in Africa and Asia using high-resolution meteorological analysis fields for the year 2007. Dust-bearing trajectories were assumed to be those coinciding with known dust emission seasons, without explicitly modelling dust emission and deposition processes. We found that dust emissions from Asian deserts lead to a higher potential for interactions with high ice clouds, despite being the climatologically much smaller dust emission source. This is due to Asian regions experiencing significantly more ascent than African regions, with strongest ascent in the Asian Taklimakan desert at ∼25%, ∼40% and 10% of trajectories ascending to 300 hPa in spring, summer and fall, respectively. The specific humidity at each trajectory's starting point was transported in a Lagrangian manner and relative humidities with respect to water and ice were calculated in 6-h steps downstream, allowing us to estimate the formation of liquid, mixed-phase and ice clouds. Downstream of the investigated dust sources, practically none of the simulated air parcels reached conditions of homogeneous ice nucleation (T − 40 • C) along trajectories that have not experienced water saturation first. By far the largest fraction of cloud forming trajectories entered conditions of mixed-phase clouds, where mineral dust will potentially exert the biggest influence. The majority of trajectories also passed through atmospheric regions supersaturated with respect to ice but Correspondence to: A. Wiacek (aldona.wiacek@dal.ca) subsaturated with respect to water, where so-called "warm ice clouds" (T − 40 • C) theoretically may form prior to supercooled water or mixed-phase clouds. The importance of "warm ice clouds" and the general influence of dust in the mixed-phase cloud region are highly uncertain due to both a considerable scatter in recent laboratory data from ice nucleation experiments, which we briefly review in this work, and due to uncertainties in sub-grid scale vertical transport processes unresolved by the present trajectory analysis. For "classical" cirrus-forming temperatures (T −40 • C), our results show that only mineral dust ice nuclei that underwent mixed-phase cloud-processing, most likely acquiring coatings of organic or inorganic material, are likely to be relevant. While the potential paucity of deposition ice nuclei shown in this work dimishes the possibility of deposition nucleation, the absence of liquid water droplets at T −40 • C makes the less explored contact freezing mechanism (involving droplet collisions with bare ice nuclei) highly inefficient. These factors together indicate the necessity of further systematic studies of immersion mode ice nucleation on mineral dust suspended in atmospherically rel...

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confidence: 90%

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

Wiacek

Peter²,

Lohmann³

2010

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…Homogeneous nucleation is significant at temperatures below −38 • C. At higher temperatures the formation of ice in clouds is triggered by heterogeneous nucleation which is divided into four sub-processes: Immersion, condensation, contact and deposition nucleation (Vali, 1985). Many laboratory studies as for example Mason and Maybank (1958); Isono et al (1959); Roberts and Hallett (1968); Schaller and Fukuta (1979); Pruppacher and Klett (1997); DeMott (2002); Zuberi et al (2002); Archuleta et al (2005); Mangold et al (2005); Kanji and Abbatt (2006); Knopf and Koop (2006); Möhler et al (2006); Marcolli et al (2007); Eastwood et al (2008); Welti et al (2009); Kulkarni and Dobbie (2010) have shown that mineral dust is a good ice nucleus (IN) in both immersion and deposition nucleation mode and usually initiate nucleation at rather high temperatures and low relative humidities. This statement is supported by field studies (DeMott et al, 2003b;Richardson et al, 2007;Klein et al, 2010) where high concentrations of mineral dust led to a significant increase in the ice crystal number concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps

et al. 2011

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Abstract.The new portable ice nucleation chamber (PINC) developed by the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences of ETH Zurich was operated during two measurement campaigns at the high alpine research station Jungfraujoch situated at 3580 m a.s.l, in March and June 2009. During this time of the year, a high probability of Saharan dust events (SDE) at the Jungfraujoch has been observed. We used an impactor with a cutoff size of 1 µm aerodynamic diameter and operated the system at −31 • C and relative humidities of 127 % and 91 % with respect to ice and water, respectively. Investigation of the ambient number concentration of ice nuclei (IN) in the deposition nucleation mode and during a SDE in the free troposphere is reported. The results discussed in this paper are the first continuous IN measurements over a period of several days at the Jungfraujoch. The average IN concentration found during the campaign in March was 8 particles per liter whereas during the campaign in June, the average number concentration was higher up to 14 particles per liter. Two SDEs were detected on 15 and 16 June 2009. Our measurements show that the SDEs had IN number concentration up to several hundreds per liter. We found the best correlation between the number concentration of the larger particle fraction measured by an optical particle counter and the IN number concentration during a Saharan dust event. This correlation factor is higher for particles larger than 0.5 µm meaning that a higher concentration of larger particles induced higher IN number concentration. No correlation could be found between the black carbon mass concentration and the variations in IN number concentration.

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“…Mineral dusts from the arid regions of the Asiatic continent were implicated as possible heterogeneous ice nuclei over 40 years ago (Isono et al, 1959). More recently, evidence has emerged indicating that mineral particles reach upper tropospheric altitudes where they may serve as ice nuclei in cirrus clouds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures

Archuleta

DeMott²,

Kreidenweis³

2005

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

276

377

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Abstract. This study examines the potential role of some types of mineral dust and mineral dust with sulfuric acid coatings as heterogeneous ice nuclei at cirrus temperatures. Commercially-available nanoscale powder samples of aluminum oxide, alumina-silicate and iron oxide were used as surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust particles, with and without multilayer coverage of sulfuric acid. A sample of Asian dust aerosol particles was also studied. Measurements of ice nucleation were made using a continuous-flow icethermal diffusion chamber (CFDC) operated to expose sizeselected aerosol particles to temperatures between −45 and −60 • C and a range of relative humidity above ice-saturated conditions. Pure metal oxide particles supported heterogeneous ice nucleation at lower relative humidities than those required to homogeneously freeze sulfuric acid solution particles at sizes larger than about 50 nm. The ice nucleation behavior of the same metal oxides coated with sulfuric acid indicate heterogeneous freezing at lower relative humidities than those calculated for homogeneous freezing of the diluted particle coatings. The effect of soluble coatings on the ice activation relative humidity varied with the respective uncoated core particle types, but for all types the heterogeneous freezing rates increased with particle size for the same thermodynamic conditions. For a selected size of 200 nm, the natural mineral dust particles were the most effective ice nuclei tested, supporting heterogeneous ice formation at an ice relative humidity of approximately 135%, irrespective of temperature. Modified homogeneous freezing parameterizations and theoretical formulations are shown to have application to the description of heterogeneous freezing of mineral dust-like particles with soluble coatings.

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The Nature and the Origin of Ice Nuclei in the .Atmosphere

Abstract: Concentrations of ice

Cited by 144 publications

References 17 publications

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

The potential influence of Asian and African mineral dust on ice, mixed-phase and liquid water clouds

Ice nuclei properties within a Saharan dust event at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps

Ice nucleation by surrogates for atmospheric mineral dust and mineral dust/sulfate particles at cirrus temperatures

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