The Nature, Distribution and Effects upon Vegetation of Atmospheric Impurities in and near an Industrial Town.

Crowther, Charles; Ruston, Arthur G.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600001453

Cited by 38 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…An examination of rain chemistry data reported by Smith (1872) and Crowther and Ruston (1913) for the urban areas provides evidence of substantial sources of reduced nitrogen in urban areas. The data show NH + 4 concentrations in rain of 767 µeq l −1 , exceeding those in rural areas by more than an order of magnitude, and in general support of large urban emissions.…”

Section: Reduced N Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

Fowler

O'Donoghue

Muller

et al. 2004

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

106

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Measurements of the concentrations of nitrogen compounds in air and precipitation in the UK have been made since the mid-19th century, but no networks operating to common protocols and having traceable analytical procedures were established until the 1950s. From 1986 onwards, a highquality network of sampling stations for precipitation chemistry was established across the UK. In the following decade, monitoring networks provided measurement of NO 2 , NH 3 , HNO 3 and a satisfactory understanding of the dry deposition process for these gases allowed dry deposition to be quantified. Maps of N deposition for oxidized and reduced compounds at a spatial scale of 5 km × 5 km are available from 1986 to 2000. Between 1950 and 1985, the more limited measurements, beginning with those of the European Air Chemistry Network (EACN) provide a reasonable basis to estimate wet deposition of NO − 3 −N and NH + 4 −N. For the first half of the century, estimates of deposition were scaled with emissions assuming a constant relationship between emission and deposition for each of the components of the wet and dry deposition budget at the country scale. Emissions of oxidized N, which dominated total nitrogen emissions throughout the century, increased from 312 kt N annually in 1900 to a peak of 787 kt for the decade 1980-1990 and then declined to 460 kt in 2000. Emissions of reduced N, largely from coal combustion were about 168 kt N in 1900, increasing to a peak of 263 kt N in 2000 and by now dominated by agricultural sources. Reduced N dominated the deposition budget at the country scale, increasing from 163 kt N in 1900 to 211 kt N in 2000, while deposition of oxidized N was 66 kt N in 1900 and 191 kt N in 2000. Over the century, 68 Mt (Tg) of fixed N was emitted within the UK, 78% as NO x , while 29 Mt of nitrogen was deposited (43% of emissions), equivalent to 1.2 t N ha −1 , on average, with 60% in the reduced form. Deposition to semi-natural ecosystems is approximately 15 Tg N, equivalent to between 1 and 5 t N ha −1 , over the century and appears to be accumulating in soil. The N deposition over the century is similar in magnitude to the total soil N inventory in surface horizons.

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Section: Reduced N Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

Fowler

O'Donoghue

Muller

et al. 2004

Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus

106

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“…(2) improve our sampling capability in remote regions where concentrations of gases and aerosol are extremely low, It has long been known that the combustion of fossil fuels injects acidic gaseous pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, into the atmosphere (Smith,• 1852;1872). Coal combustion especially has been recognized as a major source of sulfur emissions (Smith, 1872;Crowther and Ruston, 1911 (Hultberg and Stenson, 1970;Likens et al, 1972). Acidic rainfall has also been implicated in a number of other observed or hypothesized environmental problems.…”

Section: Future Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Measurements Laboratory program review, December 1983

Volchok¹,

Planque²

1984

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Price: Printed Copy A06 Microfiche AOI Codes are used for pricing all publications. The code is determined by the number of pages in the publication. Information pertaining to the pricing codes can be found in the current issues of the following publications, which are generally available in most libraries: Energy Research Abstracts (ERA); Government Reports Announcements and Index (GRA and I); Scientific and Technical

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“…The significance the nineteenth century, when Brö gger (1881) observed dirty snowfall in Norway which he attributed to of Gorham's findings were not appreciated until the late 1960s when a Swedish soil scientist, Svante Odén, emissions from Great Britain. However, while Smith had noted some of the effects of acid deposition, published a paper which laid the foundation of our current understanding of the transboundary nature of particularly on materials, effects on plant life were observed by Crowther & Ruston (1911) and Crowther acid deposition and its effects on soils, forests and fisheries (Odén, 1968). From this time on, there has & Steuart (1913) in their studies of the composition of rain in and around Leeds in north-west England.…”

Section: Introduction and Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen species in the U.K.

Campbell

Lee

1996

Freshwater Biology

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1. The foundations of our understanding of acid deposition were laid in the last century, but the scale and scope of damage to sensitive receptors has only been subject to intensive investigation over the last 30 years or so. Negotiations are now well underway to reduce emissions, and for some pollutants policy is in place, so that these receptors may be protected adequately. Crucial to this has been the ‘critical loads’ approach adopted in the U.K. and elsewhere in Europe over the last 6 years. 2. This paper describes the source of acidic emissions, how these emissions are transformed in the atmosphere and subsequently deposited. Measurements of wet deposition are made at a number of sites in the U.K. and some of the results from the networks are presented. These results allow wet and dry deposition to be mapped and the methodologies and underlying assumptions to these procedures are described, and S deposition has been estimated for the U.K. Acid Waters Monitoring Network sites.

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The Nature, Distribution and Effects upon Vegetation of Atmospheric Impurities in and near an Industrial Town.

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

A Chronology of Nitrogen Deposition in the UK Between 1900 and 2000

Environmental Measurements Laboratory program review, December 1983

Atmospheric deposition of sulphur and nitrogen species in the U.K.

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