“…There were also claims that the practice of fieldwork in Africa was often constrained by external factors leaving it subordinate in status to, and less rigorous than, on-campus academic activity (Dhemba, 2012;Kaseke, in Bar-On, 2001). For example, studies consistently found increased competition between academic institutions for, and an acute shortage of, relevant placements (Chitereka, 2009;Dhemba, 2012;Dziro, 2013;Hochfeld et al, 2009;Hoffman, 1993;Shardlow, Scholar, Munro, & McLaughlin, 2011). With only limited placements available -as well as financial constraints for students and social work programs -fieldwork opportunities were often geographically limited, possibly resulting in compromised learning (Chogugudza, 2009;Dhemba, 2012;Dziro, 2013).…”