The nature of the anomalous viscosity of filled polymers as a function of concentration at low filler contents

Prokopenko, V. V.; Titova, O. K.; Fesik, N.S.; Malinskii, Yu.M.; Bakeyev, N.F.

doi:10.1016/0032-3950(77)90155-1

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The experimental findings of the optimal filler concentrations and thickness (depth) of the boundary layer can be estimated. According to Prokopenko, the model boundary level should be twice as thick as the minimum thickness, which equals the distance between the filler particle surfaces. The depth can be calculated using this formula in the case in which particles are spherical and regularly distributed:

r = R (\sqrt[3]{\frac{5.92}{italicφ}} - 2)

in which r is the distance between the surfaces of neighboring particles, R the average radius of the particles, and φ the filler content by volume .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Figure shows the relative viscosity of each composite as a function of oxide filler content. The TiO 2 did not produce any relative viscosity drop, which agrees quite well with the results of Prokopenko et al . However, the Al 2 O 3 and the ZnO filler show relative viscosity drops as the filler content increased, remaining saturated with the maximum filler content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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Effects of Filler Size and Distribution on Viscous Behavior of Glass Composites

Samal

Kim

2012

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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We study the viscous behavior of glass composites with respect to type of filler, filler size, distribution, and interaction between the matrix and filler for industrial applications. Here, the viscosities of the composites were analyzed as a function of the type/size of the fillers (up to 20 wt% of Al2O3, ZnO, and TiO2) in a glass (Bi2O3–B2O3–ZnO) matrix. The particle size was varied from 1 to 10 μm, which influenced the fluidity of the glass matrix in the composite. Characterizations of the composites were carried out by dilatometry, differential thermal analysis, hot‐stage microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Fillers having the same particle size as that of the parent glass showed better fluidity behavior. With higher filler content, the filler plays no role in the composite's behavior, whereas a lower to medium amount of filler plays a significant role in the composite's behavior. Fillers with smaller sizes than those of the glass matrix show good dispersion throughout the matrix but agglomeration was observed in some areas.

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r = R (\sqrt[3]{\frac{5.92}{italicφ}} - 2)

in which r is the distance between the surfaces of neighboring particles, R the average radius of the particles, and φ the filler content by volume .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Effects of Filler Size and Distribution on Viscous Behavior of Glass Composites

Samal

Kim

2012

J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

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“…It is precisely the loosening of a portion of polymer to which the authors of [47] attribute the observed decrease of viscosity when small quantities of filler are added. In their opinion, the filler particles added to the polymer melt tend to form a double shell (the inner one characterized by high density and a looser outer one) around themselves.…”

Section: The Lnterphase Conceptmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Even for fillers of narrow size analysis the viscosity of filled systems depends heavily on its particle size, increasing as they decrease, as shown, for example, in [45,46]. It is even more difficult, relying on hydrodynamical models, to explain the frequently observed decrease, rather than increase, of viscosity when a certain quantity of filler is added [47][48][49][50]. It became possible to elucidate such experimental facts when it was proposed that considerable restructuring, manifesting itself in the appearance of boundary layers, occurs in the matrix under the effect of a filler [51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

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confidence: 98%

Filled polymers: Mechanical properties and processability

Enikolopyan

Fridman

Stal'nova

et al. 1990

Filled Polymers I Science and Technology

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In this review the wide spectrum of properties of filled polymer systems is generalized. Classical and modern conceptions dealing with the influence of the boundary layer and filler on melting and crystallization of the polymer matrix. Polymer properties in the melted and condensed state are considered, attention being given to the influence of the filler particle size and shape, the nature of its surface, its structure, and agglomeration on the theological and mechanical characteristics of composites.Data on structure and properties of filled thermoplastic composites are summarized for the first time. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of composites with modified polymerized filler behavior during rheological and mechanical testing and processing of such composites. IntroductionPolymeric composite materials (PCM) belong to one of the most important classes of structural materials attracting ever growing interest, as manifested by the huge flow of published scientific and technical information dealing with the problems of developing, preparing, processing and using PCM [1]. Whereas the oil and gas fuel crisis has receded recently, the problem of their restrained use still remains an urgent one if only because the oil and gas reserves are not unlimited and practically non-reproducible. Estimates by specialists have shown [2,3] that the development of PCM with a view to cut the consumption of polymeric materials can only be economically feasible if not less than 15% by volume of the filler are added.Waste products from a number of commercial processes can be used as cheap and readily available fillers for PCM. For example, lightweight structural materials may be obtained by filling various low-viscous resins with waste materials [4,5]. Also by adding fillers to reprocessed polymers it is possible to improve their properties considerably and thus return them to service [6]. This method of waste utilization is not only economically feasible but also serves an ecological purpose, since it will help to protect the environment from contamination. The maximum percentage of the filler should in these cases be such as to assure reliable service of the article made from the PCM under specified conditions for a specified period of time.However, the chief purpose of introduction of fillers into PCM is to make possible the modification of polymers and thereby create materials with a prescribed set of physico-mechanical properties, and, obviously, the properties of filled materials may be controlled by, for example, varying the type of the base polymer (the "matrix") and filler, its particle size distribution and shape. It may not require a large quantity of filler [7]. Thanks to considerable advances in PCM research, their use in a broad range of industries -machine building, construction, aerospace technology, etc. -has become extensive [8][9][10][11].Development of an assortment of polymeric composite materials, decSsions concerning their possible scope of applicability and service conditions involve research in...

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“…Earlier works can be traced back to the work of Malinskii and coworkers in the 1970s, where an anomalous reduction of the PVC melt viscosity caused by the addition of NPs was reported 16 , it was attributed to the creation of additional free volume at the polymer/NP boundary surface region 16,17 . However, it reverted to a viscosity increase with a further increase in NP loading ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unexpected N-dependence in the viscosity reduction in all-polymer nanocomposite

et al. 2019

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Adding small nanoparticles (NPs) into polymer melt can lead to a non-Einstein-like decrease in viscosity. However, the underlying mechanism remains a long-standing unsolved puzzle. Here, for an all-polymer nanocomposite formed by linear polystyrene (PS) chains and PS single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs), we perform large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and experimental rheology measurements. We show that with a fixed (small) loading of the SCNP, viscosity reduction (VR) effect can be largely amplified with an increase in matrix chain length , and that the system with longer polymer chains will have a larger VR. We demonstrate that such -dependent VR can be attributed to the friction reduction experienced by polymer segment blobs which have similar size and interact directly with these SCNPs. A theoretical model is proposed based on the tube model. We demonstrate that it can well describe the friction reduction experienced by melt polymers and the VR effect in these composite systems.

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The nature of the anomalous viscosity of filled polymers as a function of concentration at low filler contents

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Effects of Filler Size and Distribution on Viscous Behavior of Glass Composites

Effects of Filler Size and Distribution on Viscous Behavior of Glass Composites

Filled polymers: Mechanical properties and processability

An unexpected N-dependence in the viscosity reduction in all-polymer nanocomposite

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