The nature of the excess phase in ferritic-austenitic stainless steels with titanium

Nonferrous metallurgy. II. Zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten

“…No separations were used for the determination of vanadium by X-ray fluorescence in a number of materials including beryllium (139), steel (196), sulfate solutions (175), zeolites (278), and polyolefins (212). The technique of using measurements on both sides of the X-ray absorption edge was proposed for the determination of vanadium (612).…”

“…The method for plotting the calibration curve for the determination of chromium in uranium-chromium alloys is described (223). The use of X-ray fluorescence methods for the determination of chromium in steel is also described (6,110,196,359). Cations, which had been collected by filtration of the sample solution through an ionexchange paper, were determined by X-ray fluorescence (182).…”

“…The detection limits of several elements in steel were determined for the electron microprobe (76). Procedures for the use of ß-ray back-scattering for the determination of chromium in metallurgical raw materials, 126 Hf (459); Ni, S (185); high-melting metals (440); corrosive media (670); Zr minerals (1); Nb (255); rocks, minerals, sands (233,281,297,792) Hafnium Zr (459); Zr02 (221); Zr minerals (1) Vanadium Be (139); steel (196); sidfate solutions (175); corrosive media (670); zeolites (278); polyolefins (212); petroleum (64) Niobium and tantalum W, Mo, Re (438); hard metals (440, 586); metal powders (224); TaA, Nb205 (405) Niobium Ores and concentrates (727); minerals (128); corrosive media (670) Tantalum Nb (255); Ag (282); steel (110) Chromium Theoretical calculations (693); metallurgical samples (165); zircaloy-2 (522); Be (139); Fe, Ni ( 440); ore concentrates (80); ores and rocks (238, 466); ore, concentrate, oxide, scrap (439); powder-like products (780); solutions (462) Tungsten Nb (255); steel, Ni, Cr (196); hard metals (438, 440); ore, concentrate, scrap (439); boric acid (447)…”

“…Molybdenum was determined in uranium (223) and titanium carbide cermets (790) by X-ray fluorescence. Several procedures were reported for the determination of molybdenum in steel by X-ray fluorescence (6,110,196). Other determinations of molybdenum in metallurgical materials by X-ray fluorescence were performed on samples of niobium (255) and hard metals (438,440).…”

“…A method for the determination of tungsten and other impurities in niobium by X-ray fluorescence was compared with the spectrochemical and atomic absorption methods on the basis of cost and was recommended for use in the quality control determination of impurities in niobium (255). Research was reported which led to methods for the determination of tungsten in steel, nickel-tungsten, and nickel-chromiumtungsten alloys by X-ray fluorescence (196). The determination of several metals including tungsten in hard metals by X-ray fluorescence was compared to the determination by wet chemical methods with regard to accuracy, precision, time, and cost (438).…”