The Nature of the Immune State Produced by Inactivated Vaccinia Virus in Rabbits1

Boulter, Etienne; Zwartouw, H. T.; Titmuss, D. H. J.; Maber, H. B.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121360

Cited by 57 publications

(40 citation statements)

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“…Antibody with the characteristics ascribed to that of anti-FV has been demonstrated as of prime importance in passive protection against early spread of infection (Boulter, Zwartouw, Titmuss & Maber, 1971). The greater amount of activity found here against CAV and the finding that a preponderance of virus released from HeLa cells was sensitive to anti-CAV suggest, however, that this form of virus must also be important in spread of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: I. Infection and the production of antibody neutralizing cell-associated and cell-free virus

Hutt

1975

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe onset, duration and magnitude of antibody responses to a poxvirus infection were examined. Mice were inoculated intravenously with the WR strain of vaccinia virus and developed pocks on their tails. The number of pocks was related to the size of the inoculum. Virus was detectable in the spleen and infected mice were subsequently immune to intravenous and intra-nasal challenge. Sera of infected animals neutralized both cell-free and cell-associated virus. Antibody against cell-free virus appeared first; maximum titres were reached sooner but were lower than those of antibody neutralizing cell-associated virus. Titres remained high for at least 100 days after infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: I. Infection and the production of antibody neutralizing cell-associated and cell-free virus

Hutt

1975

J. Hyg.

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“…Several studies demonstrated that antibodies to the extracellular (EV) form of VACV, in addition to the intracellular mature form (MV), provide superior protection to orthopoxviruses in small animal models [5][6][7]. MVs comprise the most basic form of the infectious particle and are released as such upon cell lysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses to recombinant proteins correlates with protection of mice and monkeys to orthopoxvirus challenges

Fogg

Americo

Lustig

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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Recombinant proteins are being evaluated as smallpox and monkeypox vaccines because of their perceived safety compared to live vaccinia virus. Previously, we demonstrated that three or more injections of a Ribi-type adjuvant with a combination of three proteins from the outer membranes of intracellular (L1 protein) and extracellular (A33 and B5 proteins) forms of vaccinia virus protected mice against a lethal intranasal challenge with vaccinia virus. Here, we compared several adjuvants and found that QS-21 and to a lesser extent alum plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotides accelerated and enhanced neutralizing antibody responses to a mixture of L1 and A33 proteins, provided the highest ratio of IgG2a to IgG1 isotype response, and protected mice against disease and death after only two immunizations three weeks apart. In addition, sera of monkeys immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus proteins and QS-21 neutralized monkeypox virus in vitro and reduced monkeypox virus load, skin lesions, and morbidity compared to the non-immunized group following challenge.

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“…The outer membranes of IMV and CEV͞EEV contain different viral proteins and, therefore, immune responses to both forms of virus provide optimal protection in animal models of orthopoxvirus infections (19,20). Evidence shows that cell-mediated immune responses are important in the recovery of naïve animals from sublethal infections (21,22), whereas antibodies may have a prophylactic role against lethal infections (23,24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Highly attenuated smallpox vaccine protects mice with and without immune deficiencies against pathogenic vaccinia virus challenge

Wyatt

Earl

Eller

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

227

231

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Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), developed >30 years ago as a highly attenuated candidate smallpox vaccine, was recloned from a 1974 passage and evaluated for safety and immunogenicity. Replication of MVA is impaired in most mammalian cells, and we found that mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease remained healthy when inoculated with MVA at 1,000 times the lethal dose of vaccinia virus derived from the licensed Dryvax vaccine seed. In BALB͞c mice inoculated intramuscularly with MVA, virus-specific CD8 ؉ T cells and antibodies to purified virions and membrane protein components of the intracellular and extracellular infectious forms of vaccinia virus were induced in a dosedependent manner. After one or two inoculations of MVA, the T cell numbers and antibody titers equaled or exceeded those induced by percutaneous injection of Dryvax. Antibodies induced by MVA and Dryvax were neutralizing and inhibited virus spread in cultured cells. Furthermore, vaccinated mice were protected against lethal intranasal challenge with a pathogenic vaccinia virus. B cell-deficient mice unable to generate antibodies and ␤2-microglobulin-deficient mice unable to express MHC class I molecules for a CD8 ؉ T cell response were also protectively vaccinated by MVA. In contrast, mice with decreased CD4 or MHC class II expression and double-knockout mice deficient in MHC class Iand II-restricted activities were poorly protected or unprotected. This study confirmed the safety of MVA and demonstrated that the overlapping immune responses protected normal and partially immune-deficient animals, an encouraging result for this candidate attenuated smallpox vaccine.

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The Nature of the Immune State Produced by Inactivated Vaccinia Virus in Rabbits1

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: I. Infection and the production of antibody neutralizing cell-associated and cell-free virus

The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice: I. Infection and the production of antibody neutralizing cell-associated and cell-free virus

Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses to recombinant proteins correlates with protection of mice and monkeys to orthopoxvirus challenges

Highly attenuated smallpox vaccine protects mice with and without immune deficiencies against pathogenic vaccinia virus challenge

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