The nature of three ancient woodland soils in southern England

Abstract

Despite a wealth of published research on the nature of woodland soils, little is known about the nature of soils on sites that have supported woodland for many hundreds of years, namely ancient woodland. The properties and variability of soils in three ancient woods; one in the New Forest. Hampshire and two in Berkshire, were compared with those under recent woods. The acidity of ancient and recent woodland soils was high and remarkably similar. Only where cultivation of soils had preceded woodland establishment was soil acidity lower. The quantity of carbon in the soils studied was inversely related to soil acidity and the ancient woods had accumulated larger quantities of carbon than their recent counterparts. The quantities of Ca?', M&+ and K + were larger in the ancient woods except where prior cultivation had taken place. Total and organic phosphate contents of the ancient woodland soils were also consistently larger. The nature and pattern of soil variability in ancient woodland soils was quite distinct from that found in recent woods. Overall, the variability of soil acidity, carbon content and organic phosphate was larger in the ancient woodland soils but the pattern of variability differed between the soil properties. No clear association existed between the pattern of soil acidity and individual trees. At the surface of some of the woodland soils, however, carbon distribution appeared to be associated with individual trees. At depth in the ancient woodland soils, the association with the existing vegetation cover was not so clear. It is probable that the ancient woodland soils retained relict features of previous vegetation cover. Organic phosphate distribution was very strongly associated with the present vegetation cover. The pattern of distribution of organic phosphate appeared to be stronger than that of soil acidity and carbon content.

The effects of phosphorus nutrition and soil pH on the growth of some ancient woodland indicator plants and their interaction with competitor species

“…Wilson et al (1997), for example, found that soil pH of two matched pairs of ancient and recent woodlands to be similar, while total and organic P concentrations of the ancient woodland soils were greater than those under recent woodlands. Graae et al (2003), working on beech and oak stands in Southern Sweden, also failed to find differences in soil variables that could be directly attributed due to former land-use.…”

Impact of soil fertility and insolation on diversity of herbaceous woodland species colonizing afforestations in Muizen forest (Belgium)

“…However, even after a long period of time, persistent differences between ancient and secondary woodland soils can be observed. Former arable land use generally results in increased nutrient levels, especially of P (Koerner et al, 1997;Wilson et al, 1997;Honnay et al, 1999). P is immobile and the total P content is stable (Binkley, 1986), although its availability decreases after the afforestation of farmland (Magid, 1993).…”

Pedological memory in forest soil development

“…It has also been shown that at least in some cases these effects persist long after the tree is gone, thus leaving a ''signature'' that provides information about tree spacing, forest characteristics, and other ecological variables (Mossa and Schumacher, 1993;Retallack, 1990;Schaetzl, 1990;Schaetzl and Follmer, 1990;Small et al, 1990;Stephens, 1956;Vasenev and Targul'yan, 1995;Wilson et al, 1997).…”

“…Individual trees may have significant effects on soil morphology by several mechanisms, including a focus of organic-acid-enriched moisture flux, and by primary and secondary effects of tree throw (Boettcher and Kalisz, 1990;Crampton, 1982;Certini et al, 1998;Schaetzl, 1990;Schaetzl et al, 1989Vasenev and Targul'yan, 1995;Wilson et al, 1997;Zinke, 1962). It has also been shown that at least in some cases these effects persist long after the tree is gone, thus leaving a ''signature'' that provides information about tree spacing, forest characteristics, and other ecological variables (Mossa and Schumacher, 1993;Retallack, 1990;Schaetzl, 1990;Schaetzl and Follmer, 1990;Small et al, 1990;Stephens, 1956;Vasenev and Targul'yan, 1995;Wilson et al, 1997).…”