“…While earth science (the school subject) has seen authentic and innovative research in the areas of technology-enhanced visualization and modeling (Edelson, Pea, & Gomez, 1995;Gosselin et al, 1999;Songer, 1996) and teacher preparation (Birnbaum, Morris, & McDavid, 1990;Sautter, Keener-Chavis, & Jessen, 1999), fewer projects have concentrated on geology, and even fewer on elementary geology education, long an area of concern (Casciato & Greenberg, 1976;Meyer & Armstrong, 1990). Geology education lags behind innovations in the geosciences; recent focus on earth systems science and the technological advances of earth science mean that science as practiced by geologists is very different than the "classical" geology that frames school geology (Duschl & Smith, 2001).…”