The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training

Handford, Matthew J; Bright, Thomas; Mundy, Peter D.; Lake, Jason P.; Theis, Nicola; Hughes, Jonathan

doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01686-z

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The majority of current acute ERT studies in youth focus on FIT, probably because of its portability making it an easy-to-use training tool in S&C practice [92]. However, there are numerous other ERT strategies that merit inclusion in research and practice as a PAPE protocol amongst youth athletes, including tempo training [42,93,94], AEL [5,7,39], accelerated eccentrics and accelerated eccentric loading [95]. It is important that further investigation is undertaken to better understand the acute effects following ERT in youth athletes.…”

Section: Pape Following Fitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes

Bright

Handford

Mundy³

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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Background Eccentric resistance training is recognised as an effective stimulus for enhancing measures of muscular strength and power in adult populations; however, its value in youth athletes is currently not well understood. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance (i.e. muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction) in youth athletes 18 years of age and under. Methods Original journal articles published between 1950 and June 2022 were retrieved from electronic search engines of PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar’s advanced search option. Full journal articles investigating the acute and chronic effects of eccentric resistance training on measures of physical performance in youth athletes (i.e. a person 18 years of age or under who competes in sport) were included. The methodological quality and bias of each study were assessed prior to data extraction using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Results The search yielded 749 studies, of which 436 were duplicates. Three-hundred studies were excluded based upon title and abstract review and a further 5 studies were removed following the modified Downs and Black checklist. An additional 14 studies were identified during backward screening. Accordingly, 22 studies were included in our systematic review. The Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training were the most frequently used eccentric resistance training methods in youth athletes. Improvements in physical performance following the Nordic hamstring exercise are dependent upon an increase in the breakpoint angle, rather than training volume (sets and repetitions), and are further elevated with the addition of hip extension exercises or high-speed running. A minimum of 3 familiarisation trials is necessary to elicit meaningful adaptations following flywheel inertial training. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed upon decelerating the rotating flywheel during the final one to two thirds of the eccentric phase, rather than gradually throughout the entire eccentric phase. Conclusions The findings of this systematic review support the inclusion of eccentric resistance training in youth athletes to improve measures of muscular strength, jump, sprint and change of direction performance. The current eccentric resistance training methods are predominantly limited to the Nordic hamstring exercise and flywheel inertial training; however, the efficacy of accentuated eccentric loading to improve jump performance warrants attention in future investigations.

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Section: Pape Following Fitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes

Bright

Handford

Mundy³

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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“…During this method, the external eccentric stimulus is there to acutely enhance the subsequent concentric action metrics, for example, force and jump height (15,32,33,36,45,46). This typically involves using an external stimulus such as dumbbells or specialized equipment, including weight releasers (8,15,16,20,28). After completing the eccentric phase, the external stimulus is released to begin the concentric phase.…”

Section: Eccentric Tempo Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In acute and longitudinal investigations, the terms “fast” and “slow” have been used to further clarify the intended exercise performance (Table 1). However, as noted by Handford et al (16) and Cronin et al (7), the terms “fast” and “slow” are subjective and do not provide clarity because they ignore the use of specific temporal ranges rather than using specific values instead of these terms. Hence, specific time frames should be applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Conceptual Framework of Different Eccentric Training Methods

Handford,

Bright,

Mundy

et al. 2023

Strength &Amp; Conditioning Journal

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Various methods of eccentric training that aim to increase muscle mass or reduce ground contact time during a landing task have been extensively researched and practically examined. However, multiple methods to implement eccentric training currently exist; they differ in execution and intended training adaptions. There is a clear differentiation between an eccentric muscle action and an eccentric motion whereby a motion alludes to a downward movement of an exercise. The proposed eccentric motions are dissipating eccentrics, deceleration eccentrics, overcoming eccentrics, maximal eccentrics, and rebound eccentrics. These motions formulate into training methods and cues to allow practitioners to clearly differentiate the various eccentric training methods used in research and practice. This review proposes a new conceptual framework that clearly outlines the different forms of eccentric motions that fall into a desired eccentric training method.

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“…The primary aim of the 4-week general preparation phase (GPP) is to increase muscle hypertrophy and raise work capacity (i.e., force production capacity [O'Bryant, Byrd, & Stone, 1988]) in order to improve the potential for players to repeatedly express large amounts of time-limited force (Stone, Sands, & Stone, 2007). Exercise parameters (e.g., 70-75% 1RM) are manipulated to slow (5 sec [Krzysztofik, Wilk, Wojdala, & Golas, 2019]) the eccentric phase of movement and therefore augment time under tension (i.e., the time a muscle is held under tension or strain during an exercise set [Handford et al, 2022]) and elicit high resistance training volumes.…”

Section: General Preparation Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If appropriately periodised and integrated into the resistance training plan, eccentric exercise may be particularly beneficial in enhancing maximal and time-limited force expression (Suchomel et al, 2019a). Comprehensive reviews relating to the adaptive effects of eccentric training (Douglas et al, 2019a,b;Handford et al, 2022) and the methods most commonly prescribed in practical environments (Suchomel et al, 2019a,b) are available and may provide context for applying these strategies. However, no literature to date has specifically discussed the planning and programming of eccentric training methods to enhance force production characteristics in elite athletes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodisation of Eccentrically-Integrated Resistance Training during a National Rugby League Pre-Season

Whitley

Holmberg

Jenkins³

et al. 2022

Int'l Journal of Strength & Conditioning

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Successful performances in rugby league require the ability to engage in repeated contact efforts with minimal recovery while maintaining a high running intensity. The capacity to express high levels of time-limited force appears to underlie many important physical attributes required to meet the repeated-effort demands of rugby league play. If appropriately periodised and integrated into the training plan, resistance exercise that sufficiently loads the eccentric phase of movement may provide a beneficial stimulus to improve players’ force-generating capacity. Comprehensive reviews relating to the adaptive effects of eccentric training and the methods most commonly prescribed in practical environments are available and may provide context for applying these strategies. However, no literature to date has specifically discussed the planning and programming of eccentric resistance exercise to enhance force production characteristics in elite athletes. Therefore, this narrative review focuses on the periodisation of eccentrically-integrated resistance training during a 17-week National Rugby League pre-season phase. To help guide programming during the pre-season period, the 17-week timeline is divided into several phases (i.e., general preparation, special preparation, active rest, and pre-competition). Within the periodised model, eccentric exercise parameters (i.e., volume, load [% 1RM]) are manipulated to progressively increase the rate of muscle lengthening velocity over the pre-season phase and sequentially elicit changes in muscle-tendon properties and neural function that culminate in improving muscular strength expression.

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The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training

Cited by 12 publications

References 89 publications

Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes

Building for the Future: A Systematic Review of the Effects of Eccentric Resistance Training on Measures of Physical Performance in Youth Athletes

A Conceptual Framework of Different Eccentric Training Methods

Periodisation of Eccentrically-Integrated Resistance Training during a National Rugby League Pre-Season

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