The Needed Fire Science

Emmons, Howard W.

doi:10.3801/iafss.fss.1-33

Cited by 67 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…(4) shows that an integration is needed over all solid angles d Ω over the entire spherical space (4π steradians). This is achieved in Glaz3D with the Discrete Ordinates Method [25].…”

Section: Spectral Discrete Ordinates Radiation Model (Sdom)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also in fires, the level of heat fluxes that directly affects breakage, is significantly higher than in solar problems where radiation is typically less than 1.4 kW/m 2 . In fire safety, the need for more research on window glass breakage in fires was first highlighted by Emmons [4]. The only study then on the topic reported in [4] was the experimental work carried out at Harvard by subjecting window glass to intense radiant heat [5].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions – Analysis of some important parameters

Dembele

Rosario

Wen

2012

Building and Environment

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In a compartment fire, the breakage and possible fallout of a window glass has a significant impact on the fire dynamics. The thermal breakage of glass depends on various parameters such as glass type, edge shading, edges conditions and constraints on the glass. The purpose of the present study is to investigate some of the key parameters affecting the thermal breakage of window glass in fire conditions using a recently developed and validated computer tool. Fallout is not within the scope of this study. Different boundary conditions of the glass pane (unconstrained and constrained) subjected to fire radiant heat are investigated. The analysis shows that to prevent glass thermal breakage, it is important to provide enough spacing between the frame and glass pane to accommodate the thermal expansion, and constraints on the glass structure should be avoided. The zones where the glass is likely to crack first are shown. The study also quantifies the effects of glass edge conditions on its thermal breakage in fire conditions; such analysis has not been reported in the literature due to its complexity and the statistical nature of edge flaws. The results show that an ordinary float glass mostly used in

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“…(4) shows that an integration is needed over all solid angles d Ω over the entire spherical space (4π steradians). This is achieved in Glaz3D with the Discrete Ordinates Method [25].…”

Section: Spectral Discrete Ordinates Radiation Model (Sdom)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions – Analysis of some important parameters

Dembele

Rosario

Wen

2012

Building and Environment

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“…Professor Emmons identified the problem of window breaking in compartment fires as an important unaddressed structural problem in his exemplar article on needed fire science at the First Symposium [1]. The mechanism he suggests for window breakage in fires is thermally induced tensile stress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a review of fire physics at the Second Symposium [2J, we suggested a simple strain criterion for the glass temperature increase, tiT, required to break windows in fires, (1) where 13 is the thermal coefficient of linear expansion, ab is the tensile strength at breakage and E is the Young's Modulus of the glass. Window (soda-lime) glass properties [3][4][5][6] are listed in Table 1 along with the corresponding strain, alE, and tiT given by Eq.(l).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass Breaking In Fires

Pagni¹,

Joshi²

1991

Fire Safety Science - Proceedings of the Third International Sy

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Glass breaking in compartment fires is an important practical problem since a window acts as a wall before breaking and as a vent after breaking. If sufficient excess pyrolyzates have accumulated in the hot layer, this sudden geometric change can lead to backdraft and flashover. As Emmons explained at the First Symposium, windows break in fires due to thermal stress from the differential heating of the central portion and the shaded edge. The focus of this paper is on quantifying the connection between the compartment fire and the glass temperature to predict the window breaking time, tb. Techniques are presented for accurately calculating the history of the central glass temperature profile, T (x .r), for any fire exposure. Two-dimensional temperature histories, T (x ,y ,t), where x is depth and y is toward the center, and mean stress histories, a zz (y ,t), are also calculated. It is determined here that breaking occurs when the mean glass temperature difference is~T = (ablE~)g, where ablE is the maximum glass tensile strain,~is the thermal coefficient of linear expansion and g is a geometry factorpf order one. Calculations suggest that the edge remains at its initial temperature, T; , so that~T = T (tb) -Ti, when the shading is large, sIL~2, and the heating is fast, atb Is2::;1, where L is the glass thickness, s is the shaded edge width and «is the glass thermal diffusivity,

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“…e issue of glass thermal cracking and fallout has been rst raised in 1980s by Emmons [51] and other researchers [52,53], while in the last decades, an increasing number of experiments have been carried out on small-scale specimens, single glass panes, or double glass panes variably supported, under the e ect of re or heat radiation (see, e.g., [54][55][56][57][58][59][60] …”

Section: Glass Ermomechanical Properties and Temperature E Ectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Glass Systems under Fire: Overview of Design Issues, Experimental Research, and Developments

Bedon

2017

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Architectural design concepts incorporating glass beams, panels, or generally load-carrying elements and sti eners for buildings, claddings, windows, and partitions are largely considered in modern high-rise constructions. A multitude of aspects, including motivations related to transparency, aesthetics, illumination, and energy conservation, progressively increased the use and interest for such a still rather innovative constructional material. However, compared to other traditional materials for buildings, standard glass is typically characterized by brittle behaviour and limited tensile resistance. e intrinsic properties of glass, moreover, together with typically limited thickness-to-size ratios for glazing elements, or the mutual interaction of glass components with adjacent constructional elements as a part of full assemblies they belong (i.e., xing systems, sealants, etc.), as well as the combination of mechanical and thermal phenomena, make glass structures highly vulnerable. Special safety design rules are hence required, especially under extreme loading conditions. In this review paper, a state of the art on structural glass systems exposed to re is presented. Careful consideration is paid for actual design methods and general regulations, as well as for existing research outcomes-both at the material and assembly levels-giving evidence of current challenges, issues, and developments.

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The Needed Fire Science

Cited by 67 publications

References 95 publications

Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions – Analysis of some important parameters

Thermal breakage of window glass in room fires conditions – Analysis of some important parameters

Glass Breaking In Fires

Structural Glass Systems under Fire: Overview of Design Issues, Experimental Research, and Developments

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