The Negative Impact of Shining Path on Indigenous Mobilization in Peru: An Approach from Political Opportunity and New Social Movements Theories

Abstract

The rise of Shining Path in the rural areas of Peru and its revolutionary war between 1980 and 1992 contributed significantly to the weakening of indigenous mobilization in that country. From the perspective of a combination of political opportunity and new social movements theories, Shining Path took advantage of a history of rural isolation and a political vacuum to take control of rural areas and impose extreme repression of counterrevolutionary mobilization. It systematically pressured the indigenous communities to collaborate with it and embrace a materialist-based peasant identity. At the same time, the erratic and disproportionate response of the government negatively affected the indigenous communities. Merging the two theories allows a better understanding of this situation. El ascenso de Sendero Luminoso en las zonas rurales del Perú y su guerra revolucionaria entre 1980 y 1992 contribuyeron significativamente al debilitamiento de la movilización indígena en dicho país. Desde la perspectiva combinada de la teoría oportunidades políticas y nuevas teorías de movimientos sociales, Sendero Luminoso aprovechó una historia de aislamiento rural y un vacío político para tomar el control de las zonas rurales y llevar a cabo una represión extrema de la movilización contrarrevolucionaria. Presionó sistemáticamente a las comunidades indígenas para que colaboraran y adoptaran una identidad campesina de base materialista. Al mismo tiempo, la respuesta errática y desproporcionada del gobierno también afectó negativamente a las comunidades indígenas. La fusión de las dos teorías permite una mejor comprensión de esta situación.

Beyond Disbandment of Islamist Organization: Examining the Adaptive Resistance of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (Hti)

“…A crucial aspect of this theory is how responses from the government or elite bodies significantly determine the outcomes of a movement. Negative or repressive actions can diminish these opportunities, whereas positive or tolerant responses can augment them (Jima-González & Paradela-López, 2021;Ludigdo & Mashuri, 2021;Moghadam, 2020).…”

“…Several scholars studying political opportunity structures emphasize the importance of external factors. These include the extent of public participation, significant political shifts, failures of the state to dispense justice or basic amenities and growing public discontent with the administration (Jima-González & Paradela-López, 2021;Ludigdo & Mashuri, 2021;Moghadam, 2020). Within the purview of this research, these structural determinants can either bolster Islamist movements or impede their progress (Aminudin & Masykuri, 2015;Fouad, 2021).…”