The neglected early history of codeswitching research in the United States

Code‐Switching to Navigate Social Class in Higher Education and Student Affairs

“…Although the term “code‐switching” originated in the 1950s as linguists adapted the concept of “codes” from communication engineering research (Benson, ), there does not exist today a single, settled‐upon definition (Alvarez‐Caccamo, ). In the 1940s, communication engineers—those working in the acoustic sciences—developed the idea of “codes” as material objects of speech.…”

“…In the 1940s, communication engineers—those working in the acoustic sciences—developed the idea of “codes” as material objects of speech. Communication engineers, such as Fano (), focused on the “interpretation of speech sounds by the hearer” (Benson, , p. 26), arguing that they “switched codes” to recognize and mentally adapt to accents (Alvarez‐Cáccamo, ; Benson, ). Linguists in the 1960s, popularly recognized as the beginning of the study of code‐switching, aligned the concept with speech patterns used in bilingual and, eventually, multilingual contexts.…”

“…Linguists in the 1960s, popularly recognized as the beginning of the study of code‐switching, aligned the concept with speech patterns used in bilingual and, eventually, multilingual contexts. In the study of linguistics, then, code‐switching is generally accepted to mean the “use of two languages or language varieties within one conversation or text” (Benson, , p. 25).…”

Learners’ code-switching in English as a Second Language (ESL) lessons: perspectives of four secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe

“…Clyne, (cited in Kim, 2006) views code-switching as occurring within a sentence or between sentences. Also, Benson (2001) defines code-switching as the use of two languages within one conversation or text and says the phenomenon is also referred to as codemixing, codeshifting, language alternation, language mixture, and language switching.…”

Naturalistic and Elicited Data in Grammatical Studies of Codeswitching

“…The word first appeared in print in H. Vogt's (1954) review of Uriel Weinreich's (1953) Languages in Contact and two years later in Haugen (1956) (Benson 2001). Haugen was one of several pioneers of sociolinguistics, where the term code had emerged in the discussion of distinctions in registers and speech styles revolving around social variables, notably by Bernstein (1971), who had formulated a controversial distinction between "restricted code" and "elaborated code.…”