The Neglected Integration Crisis: France, Germany and Lacking European Co‐operation During the 1973/1974 Oil Shock

Abstract

When does European co‐operation and (further) integration not happen in the face of a major integration crisis? When do France and Germany not emerge as regional stabilizers, forging and uploading bilateral compromises to the European level? By developing a combined theoretical framework based on liberal intergovernmentalism and leadership approaches, this article analyses the European Economic Community's (EEC) reaction to the 1973/1974 oil crisis. Despite some favourable conditions, differences in domestic energy markets and relations with Arab oil‐producing countries complicated member state co‐operation. In turn, divergent economic philosophies and foreign policy priorities prevented France and Germany from filling the European leadership vacuum. As a consequence, the EEC did not find a unified stance on the Arab oil embargo, subordinated itself to US‐American dominance and undermined its common market via export restrictions for oil. The findings suggest that without minimum convergent member state preferences or compensating regional leadership, European integration and today's European Union risk stalling or even disintegrating.

Some differences, many similarities: comparing Europe’s responses to the 1973 oil crisis and the 2022 gas crisis

“…In practice, however, France and Germany did not have a shared understanding of the crisis and did not develop a concrete objective regarding crisis resolution (Schramm, 2023b). Holding different and at times opposing economic views about the organization of the European energy market, they did not emerge as regional co-leaders.…”

Estimated electric conductivities of thermal plasma for air-fuel combustion and oxy-fuel combustion with potassium or cesium seeding

“…Direct power extraction (DPE) from the flowing high-speed plasma gas within a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) channel [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ] is a legacy concept that was explored for about three decades after the energy crisis in 1973–1974 [ [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ], and even before that in the 1960s. These endeavors proved that MHD power generation is viable, but also is economically non-competitive and technologically challenging.…”