The Neglected Side of the Coin: Non-adaptive Radiations in Spring Snails (Bythinella spp.)

Wilke, Thomas; Benke, Mandy; Brändle, Martin; Albrecht, Christian; Bichain, Jean-Michel

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-12425-9_25

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…The persistent lack of interest in nonadaptive radiations has limited the number of studies that have explicitly dealt with the concept and to date only a few examples exist (e.g. Cameron et al 1996;Mendelson and Shaw 2005;Kozak et al 2006;Comes et al 2008;Pereira and Wake 2009;Wilke et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-adaptive radiation in damselflies

Wellenreuther¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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Adaptive radiations have long served as living libraries to study the build-up of species richness; however, they do not provide good models for radiations that exhibit negligible adaptive disparity. Here, we review work on damselflies to argue that nonadaptive mechanisms were predominant in the radiation of this group and have driven species divergence through sexual selection arising from male-female mating interactions. Three damselfly genera (Calopteryx, Enallagma and Ischnura) are highlighted and the extent of (i) adaptive ecological divergence in niche use and (ii) nonadaptive differentiation in characters associated with reproduction (e.g. sexual morphology and behaviours) was evaluated. We demonstrate that species diversification in the genus Calopteryx is caused by nonadaptive divergence in coloration and behaviour affecting premating isolation, and structural differentiation in reproductive morphology affecting postmating isolation. Similarly, the vast majority of diversification events in the sister genera Enallagma and Ischnura are entirely driven by differentiation in genital structures used in species recognition. The finding that closely related species can show negligible ecological differences yet are completely reproductively isolated suggests that the evolution of reproductive isolation can be uncoupled from niche-based divergent natural selection, challenging traditional niche models of species coexistence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-adaptive radiation in damselflies

Wellenreuther¹

2016

2016 International Congress of Entomology

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“…The 83 known species or subspecies within the genus occur throughout continental Europe, from northern Germany to Sicily and from Spain to the Ukraine (Fauna Europaea Web Service, 2004). They also occur on some Mediterranean islands and in the Asian part of Turkey (Wilke et al. , 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of freshwater biodiversity in Europe: lessons from the spring snail genus Bythinella

Benke

Brändle

Albrecht

et al. 2011

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim We analyse patterns of biodiversity in the spring snail genus Bythinella, a group of highly isolated and stenotopic freshwater species. We aim to test: (1) whether there are European areas of increased diversity (i.e. 'hotspots'), (2) whether the potential hotspots inferred show qualitative differences in biodiversity characteristics such as endemicity, distinctiveness of taxa, age of lineages or degree of fragmentation, and (3) whether these hotspots match the Pleistocene refugia of Bythinella spp.Location Europe, Asia Minor. MethodsThe analyses are based on genetic data from 717 Bythinella specimens sampled at 194 sites. We used haplotypes as operational units in all analyses. To test hypothesis 1, mean pairwise genetic distances between Bythinella populations within each 1°· 1°geographical grid cell sampled in Europe were calculated. Within individual mountain ranges, grid cells with high diversity were grouped with neighbouring ones and hotspots were identified based on pre-defined criteria. Then, to test hypothesis 2, different biodiversity indices of these regions were calculated and compared. Finally, to test hypothesis 3, the spatial distribution of the identified hotspots was compared with the known Pleistocene refugia of Bythinella spp.Results Five areas showed increased levels of genetic diversity: the Massif Central/Pyrenees, the western and eastern Alps, and the western and eastern Carpathians. These regions showed qualitative differences in biodiversity, with the eastern Carpathians holding the highest number of (endemic) haplotypes, the oldest and most distinct lineages and the highest degree of fragmentation. Only three of the five detected hotspots matched previously identified Pleistocene refugia for Bythinella spp.Main conclusions The genetic diversity of Bythinella spp. is not randomly distributed throughout Europe. Some of the hotspots we identify coincide with those found in other freshwater taxa; others have not previously been reported. Thus, spring organisms may reflect a unique evolutionary history that is distinct from lentic and lotic taxa. Our findings may be useful for conservation purposes even though the species-level taxonomy of the genus is still under discussion.

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“…Also, key innovations that confer ecological opportunity need not increase diversification rates (Claramunt et al ), even when disparity is elevated (Alfaro et al ; Dornburg et al ), and may even depress diversification (Tran ). Fourth, a link between diversification and divergence is not expected for some kinds of radiations, especially those termed “nonadaptive,” in which diversification is not accompanied by niche divergence (Gittenberger ; Wilke et al ); consequently, nonadaptively radiating clades are diverse but not disparate (e.g., Kozak et al ; Rowe et al ; Smith et al ). Finally, iteratively radiating clades may decouple diversification and divergence by converging toward similar sets of habitats (Cooper and Westneat ; Frederich et al ; Mahler et al ).…”

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Relationships of diversity, disparity, and their evolutionary rates in squirrels (Sciuridae)

et al. 2015

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Several theories predict that rapidly diversifying clades will also rapidly diverge phenotypically; yet, there are also reasons for suspecting that diversification and divergence might not be correlated. In the widely distributed squirrel clade (Sciuridae), we test for correlations between per lineage speciation rates, species richness, disparity, and a time-invariant measure of disparity that allows for comparing rates when evolutionary modes differ, as they do in squirrels. We find that species richness and speciation rates are not correlated with clade age or with each other. Disparity appears to be positively correlated with clade age because young, rapidly diversifying Nearctic grassland clades are strongly pulled to a single stable optimum but older, slowly diversifying Paleotropical forest clades contain lineages that diverge along multiple ecological and morphological lines. That contrast is likely due to both the environments they inhabit and their phylogenetic community structure. Our results argue against a shared explanation for diversity and disparity in favor of geographically mediated modes of speciation and ecologically mediated modes of phenotypic evolution.

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The Neglected Side of the Coin: Non-adaptive Radiations in Spring Snails (Bythinella spp.)

Cited by 32 publications

References 83 publications

Non-adaptive radiation in damselflies

Non-adaptive radiation in damselflies

Patterns of freshwater biodiversity in Europe: lessons from the spring snail genus Bythinella

Relationships of diversity, disparity, and their evolutionary rates in squirrels (Sciuridae)

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