“…But evidence of faunistic mixing in shield rivers have accumulated in recent years as well. For the most part, they involve adjacent drainages: Tapajós and Paraguay (Shibatta, Pavanelli, 2005;Lima et al, 2007;Birindelli, Britski, 2009;Tapajós, Xingu (Campos-da-Paz, 1999;Birindelli et al, 2008;Menezes et al, 2009);Tapajós, Madeira (Netto-Ferreira, Vari, 2011;Varella et al, 2012); Xingu, Paraguay (Vari, 1991;da Graça et al, 2008;Aquino, Schaefer, 2010;Netto-Ferreira, Vari, 2011); Xingu, Tocantins (Zawadzki et al, 2008;Ingenito et al, 2013); Tocantins, Paraguay (Lucinda, 2005;); Tocantins, São Francisco (Vari, Harold, 2001;Lima, Caires, 2011;Dagosta et al, 2014;Freitas et al, 2015); Tocantins, Upper Paraná (Britski,1997;Lima, Caires, 2011); Madeira, Paraguay (Kullander, 1982;Reis, Malabarba, 1988;Kullander, 2003;Vari et al, 2005;Vera-Alcaraz et al, 2012;Ota et al, 2014); Madeira and Juruena (Dagosta et al, 2016). In all such examples, the hypothesis that ancestral populations of trans-basin taxa were once widespread in the two basins concerned can be refuted because the current watershed divide between them dates from the Precambrian and vastly predate the radiations of Teleostei in the Upper Cretaceous (c. 100-66 Ma) and predate also the origin of the basins themselves .…”