The neurobiology of positive emotions

Burgdorf, Jeffrey; Panksepp, Jaak

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.06.001

Cited by 592 publications

(430 citation statements)

References 102 publications

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“…This fine-tuning of reflexive behavior enriches cognitive development in young animals (Bekoff & Byers, 1998;Fagen, 1981) and facilitates the maintenance of social bonds (Bekoff, 1984;Byers, 1984, Kuczaj, Makecha, Trone, Paulos, & Ramos, 2006. Play is classified as a positive-affect behavior because it is correlated to high levels of acetylcholine, glutamate, and opioids (i.e., "pleasure" neurotransmitters), and, activity of subcortical brain areas that mediate the hedonic properties of reward (Berridge & Kringelbach, 2008;Burgdorf & Panksepp, 2007;Kuczaj & Horback, 2012). In addition, a negative correlation between plasma cortisol levels and play behavior rates have been reported in numerous species, supporting the notion that play rarely occurs when an animal is stressed (Biben & Champoux, 1999;Worsaae & Schmidt, 1980).…”

Section: Welfare Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nosing Around: Play in Pigs

Horback¹

2014

ABC

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-The predominant method of measuring welfare in swine focuses on overt physical ailments, such as skin lesions, lameness, and body condition. An alternative metric for assessing welfare in swine can be to measure the frequency and duration of positive behavioral states, such as play. Given that play occurs only when an animal's primary needs (food, comfort, safety, etc.) have been satisfied, it has been suggested that play may be a sensitive indicator for assessing the welfare of non-human animals. Play has primarily been described in young piglets and is assessed via the occurrence of specific play markers. These play markers include overt bursts of energy like scamper, or more subtle social behaviors like nose-to-body contact. This review describes four areas of play for swine: locomotor, object, sow-piglet, and, peer play. From sporadic leaping to combative wrestling, play behavior allows for the fine-tuning of reflexive behavior which can enhance physical development, enrich cognitive abilities, and facilitate the maintenance of social bonds.

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Section: Welfare Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nosing Around: Play in Pigs

Horback¹

2014

ABC

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“…emotional dysregulation) is associated with a number of psychopathologies (Davidson, 1998(Davidson, , 2002Phillips, Ladouceur, & Drevets, 2008a, 2008b. Despite the importance of this ability, most studies of emotion-related responses focus on the perception and classification of emotional stimuli, rather than the regulation involved in the preparation to complete an appropriate regulated action (Burgdorf & Panksepp, 2006;Calder, Lawrence, & Young, 2001;LeDoux, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The late positive potential: A neural marker of the regulation of emotion-based approach-avoidance actions?

Bamford

Broyd

Benikos

et al. 2015

Biological Psychology

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The ability to regulate our emotional responses is crucial to effective functioning in daily life. Whilst there has been extensive study of the brain potentials related to valenced stimuli, the neural basis of the ability to regulate actions elicited by these remains to be clarified. To address this, 40 volunteers undertook an approachavoidance paradigm. In the congruent condition, participants approached pleasant and avoided unpleasant stimuli. In the incongruent condition, the opposite was the case, requiring the regulation of natural emotional response tendencies. Both behavioural and electrophysiological indices of emotional regulation were recorded. Congruency effects were observed at both the behavioural and electrophysiological level. Reaction times were faster and the LPP larger, when performing emotionally congruous relative to incongruous actions. Moreover, neural and behavioural effects were correlated. The current results suggest that the LPP congruency effect can be considered a neural marker of individual differences in emotion driven action tendencies. We discuss whether this reflects emotion regulation, effort allocation, or correct mapping of stimulus response tendencies.

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“…Positive emotions are no exception. Theories of positive emotion and analyses of its neural substrates often emphasize key roles in identifying goal-conducive situations and promoting approach/appetitive states that support acquisition of material and social rewards (e.g., Burgdorf & Panksepp, 2006;Carver & White, 1994;Knutson & Cooper, 2005;Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, & Tellegen, 1999). Even the social emotions of pride in our accomplishments, love for attachment figures, and gratitude toward those who have helped us are arguably self-focused, reflecting on our own actions or what others do for us (Haidt & Morris, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%