“…The AMS has been described extensively for its role in the control of executed actions, and has been also associated to the detection of sudden and/or unexpected changes in the individual actions or in those of others (e.g., a change in the trajectory of an observed movement; (De Bruijn et al, 2007;Malfait et al, 2010;Miltner et al, 2004;Moreau et al, 2020Moreau et al, , 2022Shane et al, 2008;Spinelli et al, 2018;van Schie et al, 2004). This system is involved in a constant process of prediction and adaptation (Ullsperger, 2017;Ullsperger et al, 2014;Wilken et al, 2023) and comprises the posterior part of the medial frontal cortex (pMFC), specifically the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the adjacent dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPF, (Nee et al, 2011;Ridderinkhof et al, 2004). Although these areas often show complex and overlapping patterns of activation, the ACC is considered to be the central hub of the action monitoring system and one of the main sources of the electrocortical indices of action monitoring.…”