The Neurovascular Unit and Responses to Ischemia

Zoppo, Gregory J. del; Moskowitz, Michael

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00007-4

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 166 publications

(171 reference statements)

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“…The endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes are separated by the basal lamina. These three cells types and the other two cellular components of “the neurovascular unit”, smooth muscle cells and neurons, are tightly linked to the extracellular matrix of the basal lamina by adhesion molecules, including integrins and dystroglycan [5, 45]. Due to the porous structure of extracellular matrix the basal lamina provides minimal resistance to CSF influx.…”

Section: Brain Vasculature and The Perivascular Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide

2015

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The glymphatic system is a recently discovered macroscopic waste clearance system that utilizes a unique system of perivascular channels, formed by astroglial cells, to promote efficient elimination of soluble proteins and metabolites from the central nervous system. Besides waste elimination, the glymphatic system may also function to help distribute non-waste compounds, such as glucose, lipids, amino acids, and neurotransmitters related to volume transmission, in the brain. Intriguingly, the glymphatic system function mainly during sleep and is largely disengaged during wakefulness. The biological need for sleep across all species may therefore reflect that the brain must enter a state of activity that enables elimination of potentially neurotoxic waste products, including β-amyloid. Since the concept of the glymphatic system is relatively new, we will here review its basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions. We will also discuss recent studies indicating that glymphatic function is suppressed in various diseases and that failure of glymphatic function in turn might contribute to pathology in neurodegenerative disorders, traumatic brain injury and stroke.

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Section: Brain Vasculature and The Perivascular Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In pathological conditions, such as stroke, the innate inflammatory response and edema formation is initiated in the perivascular spaces [45]. …”

Section: Brain Vasculature and The Perivascular Spacementioning

confidence: 99%

The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide

2015

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“…From the subarachnoid space, CSF is driven into the Virchow-Robin spaces by a combination of arterial pulsatility, respiration, and CSF pressure gradients and the loose fibrous matrix of the perivascular space can be viewed as a low resistance highway for CSF influx [15]. In pathological conditions, such as stroke, the innate inflammatory response and edema formation is initiated in the perivascular spaces [16]. From the perivascular space around which there is a cerebrospinal liquid, through the AQP4 water channels, the ISF is mixed with the perivenosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesis on the distant spread of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis via the human brain glymphatic system - Clinical and imaging data

Marinova¹,

Georgiev²,

Evgeniev³

2020

Glob Imaging Insights

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Pre-clinical research in rodents provides evidence, that the central nervous system (CNS) has functional lymphatic vessels in 2012. A number of publications related to the study of glymphatic system in humans followed with the help of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).We present a 35-year-old woman who was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the left mammary gland in 2011. The stage at diagnose was pT2N1M0, grade G3 with positive estrogen, progesterone and HER2 receptors expression. Complex treatment was carried out, including radical mastectomy with axillary dissection followed by adjuvant treatment-chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy with trastuzumab and endocrine therapy with LHRH agonist plus tamoxifen.In February 2019 a single brain metastasis has been found, extirpated and histologically veryfied. During May-June 2019 postoperative whole-brain radiotherapy (RT) to total dose (TD) 25 Gy was conducted with daily dose (DD) 2,5 Gy and boost in cerebral metastasis with brain ventricles to biologically equivalent TD 50 Gy. Against the background of complex treatment with 2 targeted agents including trastuzumab/pertuzumab and endocrine therapy with aromatase inhibitor, in July 2020 and followed by 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET/CT reports for metabolically active retrocrural and paraaortic lymph nodes.Via the glymphatic brain system, for the first time, the hypothesis of metastatic brain cells transport to the paraaortic lymphatic vessels with metastasis formation in retrocrural and paraaortic lymph nodes is presented. The importance of imaging (CT scans, MRT and PET/CT) for the oncological diagnosis, stading, re-stading and disease progression is taken into account.

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“…Endothelial cells pericytes and astrocytes were separated by basement membrane. These three cell types and two other cellular constituents of "the neurovascular unit", smooth muscle cells and neurons, are closely related to extracellular matrix of basement membrane by adhesion molecules, including integrins and anti-myodystrophins 51 , 52 .…”

Section: The Glymphatic Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebral microinfarct is emergency consequence of Alzheimer's disease: a new insight into development of neurodegenerative diseases

Lin¹,

Fan²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Imbalance of Aβ and tau protein production and clearance are the key factors among many causes of Alzheimer's disease that leading to neurons degeneration and cognitive disorders. As a novel approach, glymphatic system quickly clear metabolic waste (especially Aβ and tau) from cerebral environment, and dysfunction of glymphatic system may relate to occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. Microinfarct is a common histopathologic situation occurring in aging brain and leads to dramatic increase the generation of metabolic by-product after neuronal injury, hindering the operation of glymphatic system and suppress cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and cerebral interstitial fluid (interstitial fluid, ISF) exchange. Microinfarcts destruct the integrity of microvascular and microstructural tissue, result in Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation that form neurofibrillary tangles and associated with the cause of Alzheimer's disease. Currently, it has been found that glymphatic system is involved in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease. Improving the function of glymphatic system after cerebral microinfarcts could be developed as a new approach for Alzheimer's disease prevention and treatment. In this review, we will provide in-depth discussion on functional changes of glymphatic system after cerebral microinfarcts, further reveal pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and provide a potentially more effective method for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

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The Neurovascular Unit and Responses to Ischemia

Cited by 5 publications

References 166 publications

The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide

The Glymphatic System: A Beginner’s Guide

Hypothesis on the distant spread of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastasis via the human brain glymphatic system - Clinical and imaging data

Cerebral microinfarct is emergency consequence of Alzheimer's disease: a new insight into development of neurodegenerative diseases

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