The new German electric safety standard for residential PV systems

Laukamp, H.

doi:10.1109/pvsc.1996.564397

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…A mathematical model of a power-conditioning unit based on an empirical efficiency curve for an electrical converter (DC/DC) or inverter (DC/AC or AC/DC). An empirical relationship was first proposed by Laukamp H [42]. and was subsequently improved by Ulleberg [43].…”

Section: Power Conditioning (Type 175)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Integrated Solid Refuse Fuel and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell System for Hydrogen Production

Park

Kang

2023

International Journal of Energy Research

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In this study, a performance predictive model for hydrogen production was developed for the commercialization of the integrated solid refuse fuel (SRF) and solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) system. A SRF system was developed, and reliability was verified in the steam conditions for the SOEC application. Systems optimization according to parametric analysis was conducted in the predictive model based on the experiments. When the steam temperature varies between 973 and 1,373 K, hydrogen production increases by 14% to 64 tons per year at 1,373 K; meanwhile, when the steam pressure varies between 0.1 and 0.7 MPa, the performance deteriorates significantly. Under optimal conditions (temperature: 1,373 K; pressure: 0.3 MPa; mass flow rate 200 kg/h), the amount of steam that can be produced by the integrated SRF–SOEC system is 1,752 tons per year, which can yield 87.6 tons of hydrogen per year. When SRF was used as a heat source, compared with the use of LNG, a total annual cost saving of approximately 2.6% was realized. The break-even point can be reduced by approximately 5 months, which reflects economic efficiency.

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Section: Power Conditioning (Type 175)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Integrated Solid Refuse Fuel and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell System for Hydrogen Production

Park

Kang

2023

International Journal of Energy Research

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“…A literature survey identified only one reference as being similar to the PEC application. This reference discussed German safety standards for the integration of domestic photovoltaics [22]. To embark on the design of a PEC product, which would meet existing standards, it was concluded that an additional study would be needed to try and identify the rationale behind the current regulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection issues in the presence of power electronic converters in smart LV residential networks

Amiri

Cross

2021

IET Smart Grid

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The use of a power electronic converter to step‐down the voltage at the point of connection to individual residential houses is being considered in the UK. This is so that the voltage on the existing low voltage cables can be boosted, which would result in an increase in capacity without the need for costly reinforcement. This capacity increase is needed to accommodate an anticipated take‐up of new, low‐carbon technologies such as electric vehicles and electro‐heat. The inclusion of a power converter and communications device also offers the opportunity for smart‐grid functions such as managing local demand through voltage control. This study considers the design of this converter within the context of wiring regulations and standards that currently apply to a residential property. In particular, it is found that the rating of the converter is determined by the need to co‐ordinate with the existing circuit breaker protection within the house. A protection strategy is therefore proposed for the converter, which is evaluated using a statistical simulation study.

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“…La elección del cableado conveniente y la utilización de dispositivos tales como diodos de paso y de bloqueonecesarios los primeros, prescindibles los segundos en determinados casos-, fusibles, vigilantes de aislamiento y descargadores de sobretensión, contribuyen positivamente en este sentido. La literatura ofrece abundante información 70,71,72,73 , y además, se han propuesto algunas normativas al respecto 18,74,75,76,77,78 . En lo referente a esta tesis, sólo cabe mencionar que la revisión del cumplimiento de la normativa correspondiente debe incluirse en cualquier campaña de medidas de EFCR; b) Seguridad de las personas frente a contactos directos e indirectos; c) Seguridad de la Red, que se garantiza eliminando la posibilidad de funcionamiento en isla del inversor.…”

Section: Seguridad En La Instalaciónunclassified

Edificios fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica: caracterización y análisis

Martín¹

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CAPÍTULO 2. GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍA EN EFCR 2.1. Introducción 9 2.1.1. Parámetros característicos en EFCR 2.1.2. Modelado de EFCR 2.2. Emplazamiento del sistema 2.2.1. Superficies utilizables 2.2.2. Modelado de la irradiación solar incidente 2.2.3. Distribución de la irradiación solar 2.2.4. Sombreado del generador. Método de estimación 2.2.4.1. Fundamentos teóricos 2.2.4.2. Descripción del método 2.2.4.3. Ejemplo. Valoración y aplicaciones. 2.3. El Generador fotovoltaico 2.3.1. Caracterización eléctrica de módulos y generadores 2.3.2. Fenómenos de segundo orden 2.3.2.1. Transmitancia de un módulo fotovoltaico 2.3.2.2. Efecto espectral 2.3.2.3. Eficiencia y nivel de irradiancia. Suciedad Página 2.3.2. Fenómenos de segundo orden (cont.) 2.3.2.4. Modificador del ángulo de incidencia 2.3.2.5. Efecto de la temperatura 2.4. El inversor 2.4.1. Caracterización de inversores 2.4.1.1. Seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia 2.4.1.2. Eficiencia de conversión 2.4.1.3. Calidad del suministro. Fiabilidad 2.5. Seguridad en la instalación 2.6. Tamaño relativo generador-inversor 2.7. Generación de energía en EFCR 2.7.1. Datos de partida 2.7.2. Estimación de la energía esperable de la ubicación óptima 2.7.3. Estimación de la energía esperable del EFCR 2.8. Caso de estudio: el EFCR del IES 2.8.1. Descripción de la instalación

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The new German electric safety standard for residential PV systems

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Optimization of Integrated Solid Refuse Fuel and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell System for Hydrogen Production

Optimization of Integrated Solid Refuse Fuel and Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell System for Hydrogen Production

Protection issues in the presence of power electronic converters in smart LV residential networks

Edificios fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica: caracterización y análisis

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