The New York High-Risk Project

Erlenmeyer‐Kimling, L.; Squires-Wheeler, Elizabeth; Adamo, Ulla Hilldoff; Bassett, Anne S.; Cornblatt, Barbara A.; Kestenbaum, Clarice J.; Rock, Donald A.; Roberts, Simone A.; Gottesman, Irving I.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950220067013

Cited by 116 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…The systematic review identified 188 studies that provided prevalence estimates [18,29,36–223]. These studies provided 1,721 estimates and were drawn from 46 countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia

et al. 2005

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BackgroundUnderstanding the prevalence of schizophrenia has important implications for both health service planning and risk factor epidemiology. The aims of this review are to systematically identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of schizophrenia, to summarize the findings of these studies, and to explore selected factors that may influence prevalence estimates.Methods and FindingsStudies with original data related to the prevalence of schizophrenia (published 1965–2002) were identified via searching electronic databases, reviewing citations, and writing to authors. These studies were divided into “core” studies, “migrant” studies, and studies based on “other special groups.” Between- and within-study filters were applied in order to identify discrete prevalence estimates. Cumulative plots of prevalence estimates were made and the distributions described when the underlying estimates were sorted according to prevalence type (point, period, lifetime, and lifetime morbid risk). Based on combined prevalence estimates, the influence of selected key variables was examined (sex, urbanicity, migrant status, country economic index, and study quality).A total of 1,721 prevalence estimates from 188 studies were identified. These estimates were drawn from 46 countries, and were based on an estimated 154,140 potentially overlapping prevalent cases. We identified 132 core studies, 15 migrant studies, and 41 studies based on other special groups. The median values per 1,000 persons (10%–90% quantiles) for the distributions for point, period, lifetime, and lifetime morbid risk were 4.6 (1.9–10.0), 3.3 (1.3–8.2), 4.0 (1.6–12.1), and 7.2 (3.1–27.1), respectively. Based on combined prevalence estimates, we found no significant difference (a) between males and females, or (b) between urban, rural, and mixed sites. The prevalence of schizophrenia in migrants was higher compared to native-born individuals: the migrant-to-native-born ratio median (10%–90% quantile) was 1.8 (0.9–6.4). When sites were grouped by economic status, prevalence estimates from “least developed” countries were significantly lower than those from both “emerging” and “developed” sites (p = 0.04). Studies that scored higher on a quality score had significantly higher prevalence estimates (p = 0.02).ConclusionsThere is a wealth of data about the prevalence of schizophrenia. These gradients, and the variability found in prevalence estimate distributions, can provide direction for future hypothesis-driven research.

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“…The systematic review identified 188 studies that provided prevalence estimates [18,29,36–223]. These studies provided 1,721 estimates and were drawn from 46 countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia

et al. 2005

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“…Between them, the New York (63), the Copenhagen high-risk projects (64), and a notable Israeli study (65) have provided evidence of lifetime incidences of narrowly defined schizophrenia at between 8 and 21%. While low, these rates constitute significantly elevated incidence rates relative to the sporadic incidence in the population (~1–2%).…”

Section: Stress and The Risk State For Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetics, Stress, and Their Potential Impact on Brain Network Function: A Focus on the Schizophrenia Diatheses

et al. 2014

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The recent sociodevelopmental cognitive model of schizophrenia/psychosis is a highly influential and compelling compendium of research findings. Here, we present logical extensions to this model incorporating ideas drawn from epigenetic mediation of psychiatric disease, and the plausible effects of epigenetics on the emergence of brain network function and dysfunction in adolescence. We discuss how gene–environment interactions, effected by epigenetic mechanisms, might in particular mediate the stress response (itself heavily implicated in the emergence of schizophrenia). Next, we discuss the plausible relevance of this framework for adolescent genetic risk populations, a risk group characterized by vexing and difficult-to-explain heterogeneity. We then discuss how exploring relationships between epigenetics and brain network dysfunction (a strongly validated finding in risk populations) can enhance understanding of the relationship between stress, epigenetics, and functional neurobiology, and the relevance of this relationship for the eventual emergence of schizophrenia/psychosis. We suggest that these considerations can expand the impact of models such as the sociodevelopmental cognitive model, increasing their explanatory reach. Ultimately, integration of these lines of research may enhance efforts of early identification, intervention, and treatment in adolescents at-risk for schizophrenia.

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“…Most of the social consequences of the disorder occur in this early period of the course of schizophrenia. Congruently, high-risk and population cohort studies revealed that subjects who later develop schizophrenia have mild cognitive, motor, and social deficits from early childhood on as precursors of the disorder (e. g. Walker et al 1995;Jones et al 1994;Parnas et al 1993;Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al 1995). At the same time, it has been shown that delayed treatment is associated with significant disadvantages for schizophrenia patients, often resulting in functional and social decline (e. g. Wyatt 1997; Yung et al 1998;Bottlender and Möller 2003).…”

Section: Early Detection and Early Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

German research network on schizophrenia

Wölwer

Buchkremer

Häfner

et al. 2003

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

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The German Research Network on Schizophrenia (GRNS) is a nationwide network of presently 16 psychiatric university departments, 14 state and district hospitals, as well as six local networks of psychiatric practices and general practitioners, which are collaborating in about 25 interrelated, multicentre projects on schizophrenia research. The GRNS aims to intensify collaboration and knowledge exchange between leading research institutions and qualified routine care facilities, both within (horizontal network) and between (vertical network) the two levels of research and care, in order to create the scientific preconditions for optimization of care in patients with schizophrenia. With respect to illness development, the network is organized into two main "Project Networks" (PN). Whereas PN I targets the implementation of early detection and early intervention strategies, PN II aims at optimization of acute and long-term treatment, especially in first-episode patients. PN II also includes projects aiming at improvement of rehabilitation, particularly in patients with residual symptoms. Furthermore, there is a "Special Network" on molecular and pharmaco-genetics. Several more general projects address fighting stigma and discrimination, health care economy, continuing medical education, quality assurance, and methodology. The network is mainly funded by the German Ministry for Research spanning a period of 5 years.

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The New York High-Risk Project

Cited by 116 publications

References 59 publications

A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia

A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia

Epigenetics, Stress, and Their Potential Impact on Brain Network Function: A Focus on the Schizophrenia Diatheses

German research network on schizophrenia

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