The Nimbus Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Experiment: 1975 to 1992

Kyle, H. Lee; Hickey, Jason; Ardanuy, Philip E.; Jacobowitz, H.; Arking, Albert; Campbell, G. G.; House, Frederick B.; Maschhoff, Robert H.; Smith, George Van S.; Stowe, Larry L.; Haar, Thomas H. Vonder

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<0815:tnerbe>2.0.co;2

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…While globally over long time scales R T is small, its annual cycle is considerable owing principally to fluctuations in Earth's albedo and SI, as Earth orbits through its perihelion (3 January) and aphelion (3 July). The associated annual cycle of the global mean R T is on the order of 20 W m Ϫ2 from peak to trough or, integrated globally, about 10 PW (e.g., Kyle et al 1993). This is large compared with the estimated total TOA imbalance arising from the changing atmospheric composition, which Hansen et al (2005) estimated recently at 0.85 Ϯ 0.15 W m Ϫ2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land–Ocean Exchanges

2008

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The mean and annual cycle of energy flowing into the climate system and its storage, release, and transport in the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are estimated with recent observations. An emphasis is placed on establishing internally consistent quantitative estimates with discussion and assessment of uncertainty. At the top of the atmosphere (TOA), adjusted radiances from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) are used, while in the atmosphere the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis and 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) estimates are used. The net upward surface flux (F S ) over ocean is derived as the residual of the TOA and atmospheric energy budgets, and is compared with direct calculations of ocean heat content (O E ) and its tendency (␦O E /␦t) from several ocean temperature datasets. Over land, F S from a stand-alone simulation of the Community Land Model forced by observed fields is used. A depiction of the full energy budget based on ERBE fluxes from 1985 to 1989 and CERES fluxes from 2000 to 2004 is constructed that matches estimates of the global, global ocean, and global land imbalances. In addition, the annual cycle of the energy budget during both periods is examined and compared with ocean heat content changes.The near balance between the net TOA radiation (R T ) and F S over ocean and thus with O E , and between R T and atmospheric total energy divergence over land, are documented both in the mean and for the annual cycle. However, there is an annual mean transport of energy by the atmosphere from ocean to land regions of 2.2 Ϯ 0.1 PW (1 PW ϭ 10 15 W) primarily in the northern winter when the transport exceeds 5 PW. The global albedo is dominated by a semiannual cycle over the oceans, but combines with the large annual cycle in solar insolation to produce a peak in absorbed solar and net radiation in February, somewhat after the perihelion, and with the net radiation 4.3 PW higher than the annual mean, as it is enhanced by the annual cycle of outgoing longwave radiation that is dominated by land regions. In situ estimates of the annual variation of O E are found to be unrealistically large. Challenges in diagnosing the interannual variability in the energy budget and its relationship to climate change are identified in the context of the episodic and inconsistent nature of the observations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land–Ocean Exchanges

2008

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“…On the other hand, published results (e.g. Kyle et al, 1990Kyle et al, , 1993Li et al, 1997;Yu et al, 1999;Ho et al, 2002) indicate significant discrepancies between model results and satellite data or even between different satellite data. In addition, global circulation models (GCMs) still have difficulties in computing the TOA SWRB components, especially under all-sky (clear plus cloudy sky) conditions (Harshvardhan et al, 1989;Kiehl et al, 1994;Ridout et al, 1994;Chen and Roeckner, 1996;Fowler et al, 2000;Loeb et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Satellite observations of ERB have limitations in their accuracy (Li et al, 1997), and do not provide continuous data. An outgoing SW radiation (OSR) data set has been produced from the ERB measurements taken aboard Nimbus satellites (Jacobowitz et al, 1984;Kyle et al, 1985Kyle et al, , 1993. The Nimbus ERB scanner data cover the period from January 1979 through May 1980, while non-scanner data extend from November 1978 till December 1993.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term global distribution of earth's shortwave radiation budget at the top of atmosphere

et al. 2004

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Abstract. The mean monthly shortwave (SW) radiation budget at the top of atmosphere (TOA) was computed on 2.5 • longitude-latitude resolution for the 14-year period from 1984 to 1997, using a radiative transfer model with long-term climatological data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP-D2) supplemented by data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction -National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) Global Reanalysis project, and other global data bases such as TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) and Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS). The model radiative fluxes at TOA were validated against Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) S4 scanner satellite data (1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989). The model is able to predict the seasonal and geographical variation of SW TOA fluxes. On a mean annual and global basis, the model is in very good agreement with ERBE, overestimating the outgoing SW radiation at TOA (OSR) by 0.93 Wm −2 (or by 0.92%), within the ERBE uncertainties. At pixel level, the OSR differences between model and ERBE are mostly within ±10 Wm −2 , with ±5 Wm −2 over extended regions, while there exist some geographic areas with differences of up to 40 Wm −2 , associated with uncertainties in cloud properties and surface albedo. The 14-year average model results give a planetary albedo equal to 29.6% and a TOA OSR flux of 101.2 Wm −2 . A significant linearly decreasing trend in OSR and planetary albedo was found, equal to 2.3 Wm −2 and 0.6% (in absolute values), respectively, over the 14-year period (from January 1984 to December 1997)

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“…The combined satellite data products may produce differences in monthly mean¯uxes for a given month because of the different diurnal sampling characteristics. These differences, however, are shown to be very small for LW¯uxes (Kyle et al, 1993) and are much smaller than seasonal variations of LW¯uxes. The present analysis is limited to the latitudes less than 60 because of the ERBE cloud identi®cation dif®culties over the snow-and ice-covered surfaces (Harrison et al, 1990;Hartmann and Doelling, 1991).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 78%

“…The estimation of these radiative effects of clouds on the global radiation balance is essential to understanding cloud-radiative interactions. The cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and its variations have been used to represent the radiative effect and the related changes of clouds (Ramanathan et al, 1989;Harrison et al, 1990;Ardanuy et al, 1991;Cess et al, 1992Cess et al, , 1996Kyle et al, 1993;Kim, 1994). There is, however, some concern whether the variations of CRF are caused solely by cloud changes, because CRF is de®ned as the difference between clear-sky and total (all-sky) uxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of cloud radiative forcing with clear-sky flux: Seasonal variations of longwave components

Kim¹

1997

Int. J. Climatol.

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The Nimbus Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) Experiment: 1975 to 1992

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land–Ocean Exchanges

The Annual Cycle of the Energy Budget. Part I: Global Mean and Land–Ocean Exchanges

Long-term global distribution of earth's shortwave radiation budget at the top of atmosphere

Correlation of cloud radiative forcing with clear-sky flux: Seasonal variations of longwave components

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