“…Hence, unlike US South (Engerman and Sokoloff, 2005) or Latin America (Wegenast, 2010) or India (Banerjee and Iyer, 2005), local elites do not need to shoulder the financing of public education locally. Nation building through public education is accompanied by the denial of Kurdish identity and language (Hassanpour et al, 1996), which eventually led to armed conflict and finally lack of instruction in mother tongue probably hampered the scope of learning for Kurdish students (Coşkun et al, 2011;Çağlayan, 2014;Derince, 2012;Cin and Walker, 2016 Table A1 here Table A2 here Table A3 here…”