The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines

Aaby, Péter; Benn, Christine Stabell; Flanagan, Katie L.; Klein, Sabra L.; Kollmann, Tobias R.; Lynn, David J.; Shann, Frank

doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0338-x

Cited by 119 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Even in vaccination, sex is a variable that should be considered. Indeed, pathogen-specific and non-specific effects of vaccines present differences between sexes that can be exploited in fighting COVID-19 (Aaby et al, 2020). Of note, the antibody response to vaccinations is actually thought to be greater in women than men, and possibly, this might underlie future protection.…”

Section: Other Proposed Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐related differences in COVID‐19 lethality

Penna

Mercurio

Tocchetti

et al. 2020

British J Pharmacology

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Many countries have been affected by the worldwide outbreak of COVID‐19. Among Western countries, Italy has been particularly hit at the beginning of the pandemic, immediately after China. In Italy and elsewhere, women seem to be less affected than men by severe/fatal COVID‐19 infection, regardless of their age. Although women and men are affected differently by this infection, very few studies consider different therapeutic approaches for the two sexes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences may help to find appropriate and sex specific therapies. Here, we consider that other mechanisms are involved to explain this difference, in addition to the protection attributable to oestrogens. Several X‐linked genes (such as ACE2) and Y‐linked genes (SRY and SOX9) may explain sex differences. Cardiovascular comorbidities are among the major enhancers of virus lethality. In addition, the number of sex‐independent, non‐genetic factors that can change susceptibility and mortality is enormous, and many other factors should be considered, including gender and cultural habits in different countries.

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Section: Other Proposed Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐related differences in COVID‐19 lethality

Penna

Mercurio

Tocchetti

et al. 2020

British J Pharmacology

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“…There is increasing evidence that immunization with live vaccines can improve survival against non-vaccine targeted infections, a phenomenon termed “non-specific,” “off-target,” or “heterologous” effects of vaccines ( 124 , 125 ). Some of the best evidence comes from studies of immunization with the tuberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG); for example, BCG has been shown in three randomized trials to markedly reduce all-cause mortality in low birthweight neonates ( 126 ).…”

Section: Repurposing Old Vaccines To Provide Non-targeted Antiviral Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A consistent feature of the off-target effects of live vaccines has been their sex-differential nature; females often showing greater susceptibility to these immunomodulatory effects ( 124 , 125 , 140 – 142 ). Indeed, sex differences in targeted vaccine immunogenicity and adverse events have also been widely described ( 141 , 142 ).…”

Section: Repurposing Old Vaccines To Provide Non-targeted Antiviral Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines

et al. 2020

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There are currently around 200 SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials throughout the world. The various candidates employ a range of vaccine strategies including some novel approaches. Currently, the goal is to prove that they are safe and immunogenic in humans (phase 1/2 studies) with several now advancing into phase 2 and 3 trials to demonstrate efficacy and gather comprehensive data on safety. It is highly likely that many vaccines will be shown to stimulate antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals and have an acceptable safety profile, but the key will be to confirm that they protect against COVID-19. There is much hope that SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be rolled out to the entire world to contain the pandemic and avert its most damaging impacts. However, in all likelihood this will initially require a targeted approach toward key vulnerable groups. Collaborative efforts are underway to ensure manufacturing can occur at the unprecedented scale and speed required to immunize billions of people. Ensuring deployment also occurs equitably across the globe will be critical. Careful evaluation and ongoing surveillance for safety will be required to address theoretical concerns regarding immune enhancement seen in previous contexts. Herein, we review the current knowledge about the immune response to this novel virus as it pertains to the design of effective and safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the range of novel and established approaches to vaccine development being taken. We provide details of some of the frontrunner vaccines and discuss potential issues including adverse effects, scale-up and delivery.

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“…Diese zusätzlichen Effekte werden als heterologe Effekte ("off-target effects") oder nicht-spezifische Effekte ("non-specific effects") bezeichnet und können sowohl positiv als auch negativ sein. Positive nicht-spezifische Effekte in Form einer verbesserten unspezifischen Abwehrbereitschaft des Organismus werden primär nach Verabreichung einer Lebendvakzine beobachtet [27].…”

Section: Impfung Und Immunsystemunclassified

Enzootische Bronchopneumonie im Kälberbestand – Ansätze zur Problemlösung

Kaske¹

2020

veterinär spiegel

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The non-specific and sex-differential effects of vaccines

Cited by 119 publications

References 48 publications

Sex‐related differences in COVID‐19 lethality

Sex‐related differences in COVID‐19 lethality

Progress and Pitfalls in the Quest for Effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccines

Enzootische Bronchopneumonie im Kälberbestand – Ansätze zur Problemlösung

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