The nonverbal environment of self-esteem: Interactive effects of facial-expression and eye-gaze on perceivers' self-evaluations

Lamer, Sarah Ariel; Reeves, Stephanie L.; Weisbuch, Max

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.010

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…According to Leary et al (1995) , individuals establish their self-worth primarily from the feedback received from others. Self-esteem fluctuates in response to social feedback and social exclusion ( Lamer et al, 2015 ), and can be shaped by social relationships ( Leary et al, 1995 ). Users are less likely to gain feedback from, and communicate with, others when they engage in passive SNS activities, which may damage their self-esteem ( Chen et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mediating Roles of Upward Social Comparison and Self-esteem and the Moderating Role of Social Comparison Orientation in the Association between Social Networking Site Usage and Subjective Well-Being

et al. 2017

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The increased pervasiveness of social media use has raised questions about potential effects on users’ subjective well-being, with studies reaching contrasting conclusions. To reconcile these discrepancies and shed new light on this phenomenon, the current study examined: (1) whether upward social comparison and self-esteem mediate the association between social networking site (SNS) usage and users’ subjective well-being, and (2) whether the association between SNS usage and upward social comparison is moderated by users’ social comparison orientation. Data from 696 participants were collected. Structural equation modeling revealed that upward social comparison and self-esteem mediated the relationship between SNS usage and users’ subjective well-being. We found that social comparison orientation moderated the association between passive SNS usage and users’ upward social comparison. Specifically, social comparison orientation strengthened the association between passive SNS usage and upward social comparison. The results might suggest a process through which passive SNS usage is related to subjective well-being, and identify a context under which these associations may differ.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mediating Roles of Upward Social Comparison and Self-esteem and the Moderating Role of Social Comparison Orientation in the Association between Social Networking Site Usage and Subjective Well-Being

et al. 2017

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“…Although people rarely encounter disembodied faces, they do devote the vast majority of their visual attention to faces when they see other people (Birmingham, Bischof, & Kingstone, 2008; Klin, Jones, Schultz, Volkmar, & Cohen, 2002; Ro, Russell, & Lavie, 2001). Combined with the speed and effortlessness with which perceivers extract social meaning from facial emotions (e.g., Lamer, Reeves, & Weisbuch, 2015; McAndrew, 1986; Murphy & Zajonc, 1993), the social ubiquity of facial expressions makes them an excellent candidate through which perceivers may learn about their social worlds (cf. Ambady & Weisbuch, 2010; Weisbuch & Adams, 2012).…”

Section: Ecological Variability As a Signal Of Human Trait Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of variability in facial emotion influence beliefs about the stability of psychological characteristics.

Weisbuch

Grunberg

Slepian³

et al. 2016

Emotion

Self Cite

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Beliefs about the malleability versus stability of traits (incremental vs. entity lay theories) have a profound impact on social cognition and self-regulation, shaping phenomena that range from the fundamental attribution error and group-based stereotyping to academic motivation and achievement. Less is known about the causes than the effects of these lay theories, and in the current work the authors examine the perception of facial emotion as a causal influence on lay theories. Specifically, they hypothesized that (a) within-person variability in facial emotion signals within-person variability in traits and (b) social environments replete with within-person variability in facial emotion encourage perceivers to endorse incremental lay theories. Consistent with Hypothesis 1, Study 1 participants were more likely to attribute dynamic (vs. stable) traits to a person who exhibited several different facial emotions than to a person who exhibited a single facial emotion across multiple images. Hypothesis 2 suggests that social environments support incremental lay theories to the extent that they include many people who exhibit within-person variability in facial emotion. Consistent with Hypothesis 2, participants in Studies 2-4 were more likely to endorse incremental theories of personality, intelligence, and morality after exposure to multiple individuals exhibiting within-person variability in facial emotion than after exposure to multiple individuals exhibiting a single emotion several times. Perceptions of within-person variability in facial emotion-rather than perceptions of simple diversity in facial emotion-were responsible for these effects. Discussion focuses on how social ecologies shape lay theories. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…Whenever one person sees another, he or she typically sees body-posture, eye-gaze, facial-expressions and other nonverbal cues (Patterson, 1982). The high frequency of nonverbal behaviour is consequential in that perceivers' emotions, attitudes and behaviour effortlessly respond to others' nonverbal cues (Lamer et al, 2015;Weisbuch and Ambady, 2009), and Fromkin and Rodman (1983) suggest that up to 90 per cent of the communication process takes place nonverbally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of gaze on consumers’ encounter evaluation

Andersson

Wästlund

Kristensson

2016

International Journal of Retail &Amp; Distribution Management

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Purpose – The research concerns the effect of frontline employees’ averted or direct gaze on consumers’ evaluation of the encounter. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that in normal interactions, a direct or averted gaze affects people’s evaluation of others. The question was whether this finding would hold true in commercial interactions. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted three experiments using a written scenario with a photograph among a total sample of 612 participants. Findings – This research showed that consumers’ social impression of the frontline employees mediated the effect of the employees’ gazing behaviour on consumers’ emotions and satisfaction with the encounters. The findings also showed that averting gaze had a negative effect on consumers’ first impression of the frontline employee, which affected consumers’ satisfaction with the encounter. The findings also showed that a direct gaze had a negative effect on encounter satisfaction when consumers sought to purchase embarrassing products. Originality/value – The research demonstrated that the effect of gaze on encounter satisfaction was mediated by the social impression and moderated by consumers’ approach/avoidance motivation.

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The nonverbal environment of self-esteem: Interactive effects of facial-expression and eye-gaze on perceivers' self-evaluations

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

The Mediating Roles of Upward Social Comparison and Self-esteem and the Moderating Role of Social Comparison Orientation in the Association between Social Networking Site Usage and Subjective Well-Being

The Mediating Roles of Upward Social Comparison and Self-esteem and the Moderating Role of Social Comparison Orientation in the Association between Social Networking Site Usage and Subjective Well-Being

Perceptions of variability in facial emotion influence beliefs about the stability of psychological characteristics.

The effect of gaze on consumers’ encounter evaluation

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