The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2022 – food consumption and nutrient intake in the adult population of the Nordic and Baltic countries

Lemming, Eva Warensjö; Pitsi, Tagli

doi:10.29219/fnr.v66.8572

Cited by 57 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Therefore, the comparison in observational studies was done on different exposure amounts, which sometimes needed to be estimated and are in general sensitive to risk of misclassification of exposure status and possibilities of change in exposure status. Findings from RCTs were mostly based on consumption of >120 g/day of legumes or specific types of legumes, which is very high considering the low consumption seen in the Nordic countries ( 9 , 10 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While legumes are used for human consumption worldwide, recent data indicate a universal lack of enough legumes in diets in most parts of the world, excluding some parts of Latin America, south Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa ( 1 , 9 ). In Finland and Sweden, mean adult legume consumption is approximately 12 g/day and may be even lower in other Nordic and Baltic countries ( 10 ). The increasingly recognized need for the global population to shift towards a more sustainable, plant-based diet has driven an expansion in available research on health effects of legumes over the past years.…”

Section: Popular Scientific Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Legume consumption in adults and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Þórisdóttir

Arnesen

Bärebring

et al. 2023

Food & Nutrition Research

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Objectives This study aimed to systematically review the evidence for associations between consumption of legumes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and their risk factors among healthy adults. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus up to 16 May 2022 for ≥4 weeks long randomized (RCT) and non-randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies with follow-up ≥12 months, assessing legume intake (beans/lentils/peas/soybeans, excluding peanuts and legume-products/protein/powder/flour) as the intervention or exposure. Outcomes were CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, T2D and in intervention trials only: changes in blood lipids, glycemic markers, and blood pressure. Risk of bias (RoB) was evaluated with Cochrane’s RoB2, ROBINS-I, and US Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s RoB-NObS. Effect sizes were pooled using random-effects meta-analyses and expressed as relative risk or weighed mean differences with 95% confidence intervals, heterogeneity quantified as I 2 . The evidence was appraised according to World Cancer Research Fund’s criteria. Results Of the 181 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 47 were included: 31 cohort studies (2,081,432 participants with generally low legume consumption), 14 crossover RCTs (448 participants), one parallel RCT and one non-randomized trial. Meta-analyses of cohort studies were suggestive of null associations for CVD, CHD, stroke and T2D. Meta-analyses of RCTs suggested a protective effect on total cholesterol (mean difference −0.22 mmol/L), low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (−0.19 mmol/L), fasting glucose (−0.19 mmol/L), and HOMA-IR (−0.30). Heterogeneity was high ( I 2 = 52% for LDL-cholesterol, >75% for others). The overall evidence for associations between consumption of legumes and risk of CVD and T2D was considered limited – no conclusion . Conclusion Legume consumption was not found to influence risk of CVD and T2D in healthy adult populations with generally low legume consumption. However, protective effects on risk factors, seen in RCTs, lend some support for recommending legume consumption as part of diverse and healthy dietary patterns for prevention of CVD and T2D.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Popular Scientific Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Legume consumption in adults and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Þórisdóttir

Arnesen

Bärebring

et al. 2023

Food & Nutrition Research

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“…For some countries (Germany and Denmark), where data on soft drinks had been shown in a figure or discussed in a report but without actual numbers, researchers were contacted directly and very kindly provided the data. Peer review publications were used to obtain additional data where available [ 25 ]. For some studies, data were translated into English from the native language in which the report was written.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Drink Intake in Europe—A Review of Data from Nationally Representative Food Consumption Surveys

Walton

Wittekind²

2023

Nutrients

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Public health interest in reducing the intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has resulted in various guidelines and initiatives related to their consumption, together with an increase in availability and sales of low and no-sugars versions. The aim of this review was to gain insight regarding individual-level amounts and types of soft drinks consumed across the lifecycle as reported in nationally representative surveys in Europe. The review highlighted significant gaps and challenges regarding the availability of recent country-specific soft drink consumption data including heterogeneity in categorisations used in reporting soft drinks. Nonetheless, crude estimates of mean intake (across countries) indicated that total soft drinks and soft drinks with sugars was highest in adolescents and lowest in infants/toddlers and older adults. For infants/toddlers, crude mean intakes of soft drinks with reduced/no sugars were higher than soft drinks with sugars. The review also found that consumption of total soft drinks is decreasing with a shift to consumption of soft drinks with reduced/no sugars in replacement of sugars-containing soft drinks. This review provides valuable insight into what data is currently available on soft drink consumption in Europe with heterogeneity in categorisations, terminology, and definitions of soft drinks observed.

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“…The potential reduction of premature deaths in high processed meat consumers by replacing some of the processed meat intake with particularly lean fish could be substantial in a public health perspective as the estimated intake of processed meat among women in Norway is higher than recommended (1,37) . The replacement of processed meat with fish of equal serving size is applicable to traditional Norwegian meal settings and can provide an easy interpretation from a public health perspective.…”

Section: Public Health Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replacing red and processed meat with lean or fatty fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Norwegian women. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC): a prospective cohort study

Enget Jensen,

Braaten,

Jacobsen

et al. 2023

Br J Nutr

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Nordic Nutrition Recommendations recommend reducing red and processed meat and increasing fish consumption, but the impact of this replacement on mortality is understudied. This study investigated the replacement of red and processed meat with fish in relation to mortality. Of 83 304 women in the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC) study, 9420 died during a median of 21·0 years of follow-up. The hazard ratios (HR) for mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression with analyses stratified on red and processed meat intake due to non-linearity. Higher processed meat (> 30 g/d), red and processed meat (> 50 g/d), and fatty fish consumption were associated with higher mortality, while red meat and lean fish consumption were neutral or beneficial. Among women with higher processed meat intake (> 30 g/d), replacing 20 g/d with lean fish was associated with lower all-cause (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·89, 0·96), cancer (HR 0·92, 95 % CI 0·88, 0·97) and CVD mortality (HR 0·82, 95 % CI 0·74, 0·90), while replacing with fatty fish was associated with lower CVD mortality (HR 0·87, 95 % CI 0·77, 0·97), but not with all-cause or cancer mortality. Replacing processed meat with fish among women with lower processed meat intake (≤ 30 g/d) or replacing red meat with fish was not associated with mortality. Replacing processed meat with lean or fatty fish may lower the risk of premature deaths in Norwegian women, but only in women with high intake of processed meat. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce processed meat intake should target high consumers.

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The Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2022 – food consumption and nutrient intake in the adult population of the Nordic and Baltic countries

Cited by 57 publications

References 19 publications

Legume consumption in adults and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Legume consumption in adults and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Soft Drink Intake in Europe—A Review of Data from Nationally Representative Food Consumption Surveys

Replacing red and processed meat with lean or fatty fish and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in Norwegian women. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC): a prospective cohort study

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