The Normal Intestinal Flora of the Pig. Iv. The Effect of Dietary Supplements of Penicillin, Chlortetracycline or Copper Sulphate on the Faecal Flora

Fuller, R.; Newland, Lynda; Briggs, C. A. E.; Braude, R.; Mitchell, K. G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1960.tb00197.x

Cited by 73 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This agrees with our previous findings (Fuller et al 1960) that S. equinus strains isolated from pig faeces were difficult to group unless concentrated extracts were used. It may also explain past failures to detect a group specific antigen.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…It is now well established that the streptococci are one of the predominant groups of organisms in the intestine of the pig (Raibaud & Caulet, 1957;Fuller et al 1960). Consequently the classification of streptococci from this source has recently attracted much attention and many different species have been described as predominating in the pig gut.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lactose non-fermenting streptococci isolated from the pig gut are an example of this latter group of organisms. In previous work (Fuller et al 1960) numerous lactose non-fermenting Group D streptococci were isolated from pig faeces; because of their inability to ferment lactose or to hydrolyse starch they were classified as Streptococcus equinus, although other workers had classified similar strains as S. bovis (Raibaud & Caulet, 1957). An objection to the classification of these lactose non-fermenting isolates as S. equinus was that they were of serological Group D, whereas no group specific antigen had so far been demonstrated for this species (Bergey's Manual, 1957).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Serological Grouping of Three Strains of Streptococcus equinus

Fuller

Newland

1963

Journal of General Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Serological Grouping of Three Strains of Streptococcus equinus

Fuller

Newland

1963

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…However, surprisingly few studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of high levels of Cu on the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Fuller (1960) found that in pigs fed copper sulphate the numbers of lactobacilli and coliform organisms remained unaffected, but there was a marked fall in the number of streptococci. The extent of the reduction varied but the counts of streptococci in the treated pigs were always lower than in the control pigs and the reduction could be as much as from 10 9 to 10 3 counts per g faeces.…”

Section: Coppermentioning

confidence: 93%

The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

Jensen¹

1998

J. Anim. Feed Sci.

183

108

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The diverse collection of microorganisms colonising the healthy gastrointestinal tract of pigs, referred to as the microbiota, plays an essential role not only for the well-being of the animal, but also for animal nutrition and performance and for the quality of animal products. A number of naturally-occurring and artificial factors has been shown to affect the composition and activity of the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, these include: diet composition, growth promoting antibiotics, copper, use of probiotics, specific carbohydrates, organic acids and fermented feed.It is generally accepted that the microbiota in the small intestine competes with the host animal for easily digestible nutrients and at the same time produces toxic compounds. A pronounced microbial fermentation occurs in the stomach and small intestine in young piglets. Results have shown that approximately equal amounts of organic acids were produced in the three compartments: stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Further, experiments have shown that as much as 6% of the net energy in the pig diet could be lost due to microbial fermentation in the stomach and small intestine. On the other hand it has been shown that on a normal Danish pig diet, 16.4% of the total energy supply for the pig is achived from microbial fermentation in the large intestine. However, the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is unstable the first week after weaning and it takes 2 to 3 weeks after weaning before the fermentation capacity of the microbiota in the hindgut has developed.Use of growth promoting antibiotics in the feed is widespread in pig production. However, the use of the antibiotics avoparcin and virginiamycin as growth promoters in animal feed has been associated with an increase in resistance of bacteria to therapeutic agents and a fear that this could reduce the ability to treat diseased humans. This has caused an increased awareness of the use of antibiotics and a general wish to reduce the use of antibiotic growth promoters.Probiotics, organic acids and specific carbohydrates (yeast cell walls) are often suggested as alternatives to the use of antibiotic growth promoters. However, due to their relative high prices and the variability and unpredictability of their effect, the use of these products is financially questionable in practical pig production. One way to solve this problem may be the use of fermented liquid feed. Fermented liquid feed is characterised by a high number of lactic acid bacteria, high number of yeast and high concentration of lactic acid, and several investigations has shown fermented liquid 46 FEED ADDITIVES AND MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN GUT feed to improve growth performance in pigs and to established a prophylactic barrier against gastrointestinal disorders. In general there is no doubt that the effect of feed additives are greatest in young animals where they have been found to improve growth performance and to reduce scouring and neonatal mortality. The present paper review our current state ...

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“…In fact poultry coliforms (Enterobacteriaceae, Proteobacteria) are more susceptible to copper than gram positives as Lactobacillus (Firmicutes) [9] . Early studies suggested a relative tolerance of lactobacilli and Escherichia coli to copper as dietary supplement [10] . The possible effects of copper on the normal microbiome were not listed among the biological effects of copper human exposure [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic Copper Resistance in Aerobic Intestinal Bacteria From Children With Different Levels of Copper-Exposure

Baquero¹,

Sanchez-Valenzuelaa#²,

Ripolla³

et al. 2017

JEHS

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Copper is an environmental element, essential for life, to which humans are exposed by inhalation, hand-to-mouth contamination, or ingestion of food and water. In this work, bacterial copper susceptibility (amount of copper able to inhibit bacterial growth) of aerobic bacteria from the intestinal microbiota of healthy children in Spain was explored. To establish the possible effect of children's exposure to copper in the selection of copper-resistant organisms, the prevalence of copper-resistance among bacteria isolated in stool samples of 233 children belonging to the INMA cohort of the Spanish Project for Environment and Childhood Research was studied. Stool samples were seeded into Szybalsky-type agar plates containing specific culture media and a gradient of copper sulphate (< 0.68 -2.05 mM). Culture media was suitable for growth of Gamma-Proteobacteria (mostly Enterobacteriaceae), Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. Colonies growing at intermediate (IR: < 0.68 -1.36 mM) and/or higher copper concentrations (HR: 1.36 -2.05 mM) were characterized by MaldiTOF assays. Sixty different species of copper-resistant organisms were detected. For Enterobacteriaceae, HR colonies were detected in 64.5% of seeded fecal samples, mostly corresponding to genus Escherichia (77% of positive samples); Enterobacter (15%), Citrobacter (13%), and Klebsiella (4.7%). However, Escherichia coli populations have a significantly lower proportion of high copper resistant colonies (49%) than the ensemble of Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Citrobacter colonies (77%). In HR-colonies of Firmicutes, Enterococcus genus was found in 97.3% of fecal samples, predominantly E. faecium (86%, of the positive Enterococcus samples), E. faecalis (37%), and E. hirae (6.9%). No significant correlation was found between counts of HR-colonies and the copper concentrations found in dry hair of the children studied (10 -30 mcg/g). Copper-resistant populations in the children's intestine might have evolved in the copper-rich external environment.

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The Normal Intestinal Flora of the Pig. Iv. The Effect of Dietary Supplements of Penicillin, Chlortetracycline or Copper Sulphate on the Faecal Flora

Cited by 73 publications

References 18 publications

The Serological Grouping of Three Strains of Streptococcus equinus

The Serological Grouping of Three Strains of Streptococcus equinus

The impact of feed additives on the microbial ecology of the gut in young pigs

Phenotypic Copper Resistance in Aerobic Intestinal Bacteria From Children With Different Levels of Copper-Exposure

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