The Normal Shoulder During the Butterfly Swim Stroke An Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of Twelve Muscles

Pink, Marilyn; Jobe, Frank W.; Perry, Jacquelin; Kerrigan, John; Browne, Anthony; Scovazzo, Mary Lynn

doi:10.1097/00003086-199303000-00007

Cited by 62 publications

(120 citation statements)

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“…Electromyographic analysis of freestyle swimming has shown that the subscapularis exhibits constant muscle activity throughout the stroke in addition to its functioning for upper extremity entry and exit, so internal rotation deficits might adversely affect stroke mechanics. 30 Our finding of reduced internal rotation torque is consistent with the work of previous researchers, who reported that concentric and eccentric internal rotation strength were less in injured than uninjured competitive swimmers. 6 We also found that middle trapezius weakness was present more often in the 8-to 11-yearold +PDD group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Tate

Turner

Knab

et al. 2012

Journal of Athletic Training

160

169

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Context:The prevalence of shoulder pain among competitive swimmers is high, but no guidelines exist to reduce shoulder injuries. Elucidating differences between swimmers with and without shoulder pain can serve as a basis for the development of a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction.Objective: To determine whether physical characteristics, exposure, or training variables differ between swimmers with and without shoulder pain or disability.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Multisite swimming centers. Patients or Other Participants:A total of 236 competitive female swimmers aged 8 to 77 years.Data Collection and Analysis: Participants completed the Penn Shoulder Score and underwent testing of core endurance, range of motion, muscle force production, and pectoralis minor muscle length and the Scapular Dyskinesis Test. Swimmers were grouped by age for analysis: ages 8 to 11 years (n = 42), 12 to 14 years (n = 43), 15 to 19 years (high school, n = 84), and 23 to 77 years (masters, n = 67). Comparisons were made between groups with and without pain and disability using independent t tests for continuous data and χ 2 analyses and Fisher exact tests for categorical data.Results: Nine (21.4%) swimmers aged 8 to 11 years, 8 (18.6%) swimmers aged 12 to 14 years, 19 (22.6%) high school swimmers, and 13 (19.4%) masters swimmers had shoulder pain and disability. Differences that were found in 2 or more age groups between athletes with and without shoulder pain and disability included greater swimming exposure, a higher incidence of previous traumatic injury and patient-rated shoulder instability, and reduced participation in another sport in the symptomatic groups (P < .05). Reduced shoulder flexion motion, weakness of the middle trapezius and internal rotation, shorter pectoralis minor and latissimus, participation in water polo, and decreased core endurance were found in symptomatic females in single varying age groups (P < .05).Conclusions: Female competitive swimmers have shoulder pain and disability throughout their lives. Given that exposure and physical examination findings varied between athletes with and without substantial pain and disability, a program to prevent shoulder injury that might lead to pain and dysfunction appears warranted and might include exposure reduction, cross-training, pectoral and posterior shoulder stretching, strengthening, and core endurance training.Key Words: swimming, exposure variables, injury prevention Key Points• Competitive swimmers less than 12 years of age had substantial shoulder pain, and older swimmers had pain, dissatisfaction, and disability.• High school swimmers were the most symptomatic and incurred the greatest load in terms of hours swum per week and per year.• Shoulder pain, dissatisfaction, and disability were correlated positively with increased upper extremity usage in terms of swimming or water polo exposure and were correlated negatively with participation in another sport, specifically soccer for young and running or walk...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Tate

Turner

Knab

et al. 2012

Journal of Athletic Training

160

169

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…En este sentido, 21 de los 36 nadadores con dolor de este estudio, indicaron que el dolor se extendía desde la espalda o cuello, o hacia el brazo, lo que podría ser una manifestación de la presencia de puntos gatillo miofasciales en músculos como pectoral mayor, dorsal ancho o redondo mayor, principales músculos propulsores en natación 13,26,27 , y subescapular, serrato anterior, trapecio superior y redondo menor, activos durante todo el ciclo de brazada 26,27 . Además, el dolor ha sido significativamente mayor durante la actividad que durante el reposo (p<0,001).…”

Section: Características Del Dolorunclassified

Prevalencia del dolor de hombro en nadadores de competición: estudio piloto / Shoulder Pain Prevalence in Competitive Swimmers: A Pilot Study

Bailón-Cerezo¹,

Torres-Lacomba²,

Gutiérrez-Ortega³

2016

rimcafd

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“…During freestyle swimming, however, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi are recruited at approximately 75% of MVC during the pull-through phase, with the subscapularis recruited at a lower level (approximately 60% of MVC). 10,31 Therefore, the net torque at the proximal humeral physis during freestyle swimming would promote retrotorsion to a lesser degree than pitching.…”

Section: Research Report ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Participation and Humeral Torsion

Whiteley¹,

Ginn²,

Nicholson³

et al. 2009

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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The Normal Shoulder During the Butterfly Swim Stroke An Electromyographic and Cinematographic Analysis of Twelve Muscles

Cited by 62 publications

References 0 publications

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Risk Factors Associated With Shoulder Pain and Disability Across the Lifespan of Competitive Swimmers

Prevalencia del dolor de hombro en nadadores de competición: estudio piloto / Shoulder Pain Prevalence in Competitive Swimmers: A Pilot Study

Sports Participation and Humeral Torsion

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