The normative Male Alexithymia Scale: Measurement of a gender-linked syndrome.

Levant, Ronald F.; Good, Glenn E.; Cook, Stephen W.; O’Neil, James M.; Smalley, K. Bryant; Owen, Karen; Richmond, Katherine

doi:10.1037/1524-9220.7.4.212

Cited by 101 publications

(123 citation statements)

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“…These findings may be due to the way that the items in the DSHI were worded, specifically, using the phrase, "intentionally (on purpose)." It has been suggested that, as a result of masculine gender socialization, men may struggle to articulate their thoughts and feelings (Levant et al, 2003;Levant et al, 2006;Real, 1999), specifically around self-harm behaviors. As such, some men, as a result of masculine gender socialization, may engage in self-harm, but do so impulsively (not "on purpose") and, as such, would not have reported this on the study's survey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adherence to masculine norms is linked to features of emotional dysregulation in men, including alexithymia (Cusack, Deane, Wilson, & Ciarrochi, 2006;Jakupcak, Osborne, Michael, Cook, & McFall, 2006;Levant et al, 2003;Levant et al, 2006) as well as fear and purposeful avoidance or suppression of vulnerable emotions (e.g., sadness and depression, anxiety or fear; Jakupcak, Salters, Gratz, & Roemer, 2003;Wide, Mok, McKenna, & Ogrodniczuk, 2011), and avoidance of negative affect (Green & Addis, 2012). This literature suggests that some men, as a function of masculine norms, may struggle to experience and express a wide array of negative emotions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Association Between Masculinity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

et al. 2015

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Several known risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), such as negative emotionality and deficits in emotion skills, are also associated with masculinity. Researchers and clinicians suggest that masculine norms around emotional control and self-reliance may make men more likely to engage in self-harm. Masculinity has also been implicated as a potential risk factor for suicide and other self-damaging behaviors. However, the association between masculinity and NSSI has yet to be explored. In the current study, a sample of 912 emerging adults from two universities in the Northeastern United States completed a web-based questionnaire assessing adherence to masculine norms, engagement in NSSI, and known risk factors for NSSI (demographics and number of self-injurers known). Stronger adherence to masculine norms predicted chronic NSSI (five or more episodes throughout the life span) above and beyond other known risk factors. Adherence to masculine norms was related to methods of NSSI. Clinical implications are discussed, including discussions of masculine norms in treatment settings. Future research should examine what specific masculine norms are most closely linked to NSSI and other self-damaging behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Association Between Masculinity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

et al. 2015

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“…Scores on the NMAS displayed evidence of internal consistency (α = .92 for men) and test-retest reliability (r = .91 for men) over a 1 to 2 month period (Levant et al, 2006). Observations of gender differences, relations of the NMAS with other instruments, and its incremental validity in predicting masculinity ideology provide evidence supporting scale interpretations.…”

Section: Normative Male Alexithymia Scale (Nmas)mentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The NMAS (Levant et al, 2006) is a 20-item, unidimensional inventory in which participants answer questions about their own experience of emotions using a Likert-type format (1 = strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree), with higher scores indicating higher levels of alexithymia. Scores on the NMAS displayed evidence of internal consistency (α = .92 for men) and test-retest reliability (r = .91 for men) over a 1 to 2 month period (Levant et al, 2006).…”

Section: Normative Male Alexithymia Scale (Nmas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This table was used as a basis for proposing concurrent validity hypotheses for the five of the seven MRNI-SF specific factors that had related norm conformity and/or gender-role conflict constructs. In addition, for the Restrictive Emotionality factor, the correlation with the Normative Male Alexithymia (NMAS) factor (Levant et al, 2006) was also determined to address concurrent validity. Hypotheses follow: No validity hypotheses were advanced for the MRNI-SF specific factor of Avoidance of Femininity, since there were no directly comparable subscales on the CMNI-46 or the GRCS-SF.…”

Section: Construct Validity Hypotheses For the Mrni-sf General Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Material for Construct Validity Evidence for the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Using the Bifactor Model

2016

Journal of Counseling Psychology

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY EVIDENCE AbstractThe construct validity of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF) was assessed using a latent variable approach implemented with structural equation modeling (SEM). The MRNI-SF was specified as having a bifactor structure, and validation scales were also specified as latent variables. The latent variable approach had the advantages of separating effects of general and specific factors and controlling for some sources of measurement error. Data (N = 484) were from a diverse sample (38.8% men of color, 22.3% men of diverse sexualities) of community-dwelling and college men who responded to an online survey. The current paper is a companion piece to a study (Levant, Hall, Weigold, & McCurdy, 2015) published in the April 2015 issue of this journal, which investigated the factor structures of three short-form masculinity measures. Here we assess evidence for the construct validity of the latent factors of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form (MRNI-SF), specified with a bifactor structure. The bifactor model partitions the reliable variance in each item-level response into two components: a broad general influence and a specific influence associated with a narrower content domain, an approach that is consistent with the theoretical meaning of the underlying constructs (see Figure 1). The MRNI-SF measures the endorsement of masculinity ideologies, a construct that is frequently used in the study of psychological issues related to men and masculinities. Masculinity ideologies are cultural beliefs about the appropriate standards or norms for boys' and men's role performance. They are theorized to influence the socialization of boys and to pressure men to conform to masculine norms (Levant, 2011). Such pressure results in various forms of gender role strain and conflict (O'Neil, Good, & Holmes, 1995;Pleck, Sonenstein, & Ku, 1994a).Traditional masculinity ideology was the dominant ideology prior to the deconstruction of gender driven by second-wave feminism in the U.S., beginning in the late 1960s. Since masculinity ideologies vary by culture and there are many cultures in the U.S., it is more accurate to refer to this construct as "traditional White Western masculinity ideology" (hereinafter referred to as TMI for simplicity) to denote its association with the predominantly White Western world (Levant, 2011).Nonetheless, TMI remains influential in the U.S., and men of color must contend with it as well as their own culture's masculinit...

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Integrated Masculinity: Using Gestalt Counseling With Male Clients

Novack

Park

Friedman

2013

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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This article examines several central aspects of Gestalt work that have potential for helping male clients. The authors explain that although a search for literature on Gestalt counseling with men produced no results, Gestalt approaches have much to offer clinicians working with men. Theoretical concepts and interventions are addressed and illustrated with case examples of Gestalt work with male clients. Research implications are discussed.

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The normative Male Alexithymia Scale: Measurement of a gender-linked syndrome.

Cited by 101 publications

References 72 publications

The Association Between Masculinity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

The Association Between Masculinity and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Supplemental Material for Construct Validity Evidence for the Male Role Norms Inventory-Short Form: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach Using the Bifactor Model

Integrated Masculinity: Using Gestalt Counseling With Male Clients

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