The novel exercise-induced hormone irisin protects against neuronal injury via activation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and contributes to the neuroprotection of physical exercise in cerebral ischemia

Abstract

Irisin reduces ischemia-induced neuronal injury via activation of the Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and contributes to the neuroprotective effect of physical exercise against cerebral ischemia, suggesting that irisin may be a factor linking metabolism and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

Inflammation‐induced lymphatic architecture and bone turnover changes are ameliorated by irisin treatment in chronic inflammatory bowel disease

“…The exact mechanisms behind how irisin acts to increase bone formation and decrease resorption remain not fully understood although our data along with others indicate irisin modulating the RANKL-OPG pathway (29). Recently, several investigators have identified roles for irisin as a potential mediator of inflammatory processes in the lung, atherosclerotic lesions, and macrophages (25)(26)(27)61). These include lowered infiltration of immune cells to inflammatory legions, reduced inflammatory adhesion markers [intracellular cell adhesion marker 1 (ICAM1), VCAM1], reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, CCL2), and suppressed NF-kB activation (27,(62)(63)(64).…”

“…Down-regulation of TNF-a may restore the lymphatic architecture, a response we observed with irisin treatment after the onset of TNBS. Irisin has been shown to suppress production of T h 1 cytokines including TNF-a (25,26). Although not tested here, we speculate irisin has direct effects on lymphatic vessels, potentially driving the amelioration of gut inflammatory processes as well as distant inflammatory processes.…”

“…Muscle-specific knockout of PGC-1a results in local muscle inflammatory gene upregulation, leading to our hypothesis that irisin, a circulating factor, could have systemic anti-inflammatory effects (21). Some studies have shown correlations between lower serum irisin and pathologies that involve some element of inflammation (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that exogenous irisin treatment improved tissue function in lung, brain, and vascular endothelium in various rodent inflammatory pathologic models (25)(26)(27) Irisin has also recently emerged as a bone anabolic factor (28,29). We know of no studies that have utilized irisin as a systemic antiinflammatory agent, however, and little is known about effects of irisin on gut health.…”

Hormones, Metabolism and the Benefits of Exercise

“…I.v. injection of recombinant irisin reduced brain infarct and edema volume and improved the neurological score in MCAO stroke model (Li et al 2017). Systemic irisin administration has also been shown to ameliorate depressive-like behavior in a chronic unpredictable stress model in rats (Wang and Pan 2016).…”

NAD replenishment with nicotinamide mononucleotide protects blood–brain barrier integrity and attenuates delayed tissue plasminogen activator‐induced haemorrhagic transformation after cerebral ischaemia

“…The MCAO model was prepared exactly as described by us previously Li et al, 2017). Briefly, the mice were anaesthetized with 4% choral hydrate (350 mg·kg À1 , i.p.…”