The nuclear lattice model of proton-induced multi-fragmentation reactions

Multifragmentation in the intranuclear cascade ? percolation approach

“…This contrasts with many approaches which make simplifying assumptions [16][17][18][19] for the first step and use similar percolation prescriptions as we did, or with some other approaches [9], which also use a simplified description of the first step and a much more sophisticated treatment of the interactions in the second step. The fact that we obtain good results with our percolation procedure strongly supports the statement that what matters in the fragmentation is the geometrical properties (dispersion, fluctuations, ...) of the system at the end of the (hard collision) first stage, at least for the description of the gross properties of the data.…”

“…With regard to the second stage, the production of IMF's (referred to here as masses typically between 4 and 50 amu) has been observed with apparently similar characteristics in the high energy domain (e.g., protons up to 350 GeV [6], 2~ projectiles of 2100 MeV/u [7]) as well as for heavy ions at low bombarding energy [8]. Several phenomenological descriptions of this second step have been proposed to explain the IMF production [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The current models differ drastically leading however virtually to the same results.…”

Thermal phase transition in nuclear multifragmentation: The role of Coulomb energy and finite size

“…Campi [16][17][18] and Bauer [19,20] first suggested that the methods used in percolation studies may be applied to MF data. In percolation theory the moments of the cluster distribution contain the signature of critical behavior [21].…”

Fragmentation of nuclei at intermediate and high energies in modified cascade model

“…It has been found that results of percolation calculations depend significantly upon the details of the lattice structure. For reasons of computational convenience, the simple cubic lattice has been most frequently used in multifragmentation simulations [1], but several studies have found [2,3] that the face-centered-cubic lattice more accurately reproduces the experimental distributions of fragment masses and their energy spectra.…”