The nuclear reproductive cycle in the myxomycetes: a review

Clark, Jim; Haskins, EF

doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4/2/6

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…In most modern eukaryotes, this handicap has been assuaged by the evolution of countless systems for identifying the opposite type via pheromones and mating behaviors, enhancing the efficiency of finding a mate, but options are still limited to half the population. In some lineages, the odds have been improved by the presence of multiple mating types-three or more in Dictyostelium (Bloomfield et al 2010(Bloomfield et al , 2011, seven in Tetrahymena (Phadke et al 2012;Cervantes et al 2013;Umen 2013), 13 in Physarum polycephalum (Collins and Tang 1977;Clark and Haskins 2010), and often thousands in the basidiomycetes (Raper 1966)-and in these cases more encounters are sexually fertile (.98% in some basidiomycetes). But more outcrossing is not always better, and in basidiomycete fungi there are multiple independent transitions from the tetrapolar outcrossing species with thousands of sexes back to bipolar species with just two mating types, where it has been suggested that different environments favor outcrossing versus inbreeding sexual cycles ).…”

Section: Multiple Mating Types and Homothallismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

Goodenough

Heitman

2014

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

176

134

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Sexual reproduction is a nearly universal feature of eukaryotic organisms. Given its ubiquity and shared core features, sex is thought to have arisen once in the last common ancestor to all eukaryotes. Using the perspectives of molecular genetics and cell biology, we consider documented and hypothetical scenarios for the instantiation and evolution of meiosis, fertilization, sex determination, uniparental inheritance of organelle genomes, and speciation.

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Section: Multiple Mating Types and Homothallismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

Goodenough

Heitman

2014

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

176

134

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“…Plasmodia are produced by the amoeboflagellate stage via the formation of a diploid zygotic cell by means of sexual fusion, or by the conversion of an apogamic diploid amoeboflagellate into a plasmodium (see reviews by Clark & Haskins [2010, 2013). In the sexual cycle amoeboflagellates differing at a multiple allelic mating system undergo syngamy after they have become competent upon reaching a critical cell density (Shipley & Holt 1982); while in the apogamic cycle, the amoeboflagellates are diploid, due to automixis (see Clark & Haskins 2013), and convert to plasmodia when they become competent.…”

Section: Plasmodiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the sexual cycle amoeboflagellates differing at a multiple allelic mating system undergo syngamy after they have become competent upon reaching a critical cell density (Shipley & Holt 1982); while in the apogamic cycle, the amoeboflagellates are diploid, due to automixis (see Clark & Haskins 2013), and convert to plasmodia when they become competent. The zygotic or diploid amoeboflagellate cell apparently undergo a number of biochemical changes in their cell membrane (Ross & Shipley 1973) and a series of mitotic nuclear divisions without cell division to produce the multinucleate plasmodium.…”

Section: Plasmodiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A guide to the biology and taxonomy of the Echinosteliales

Haskins¹

2016

Mycosphere

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Haskins EF, Clark J 2016 -A guide to the biology and taxonomy of the Echinosteliales. Mycosphere 7(4), 473-491, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/7/4/7 AbstractThis guide is an attempt to consolidate all information concerning the biology of the Echinosteliales, including uniform species descriptions for all of the species, and to make this available to interested persons in an open access journal. The Echinosteliales are a small group of myxomycetes with relatively minute sporangia and a unique plasmodial trophic stage (a protoplasmodium). These protoplasmodia, which are a defining characteristic of the order, are relatively small (20-150 μm in diameter) amoeboid stages with sluggish protoplasmic streaming and plasmodial movement which, as far as it is known, do not form a reticulum or undergo fusion with other plasmodia, but do undergo binary plasmotomy after reaching an upper size limit with each plasmodium produces a single sporangium. The minute sporangia produce a relatively limited number of spores and, except for one stalk-less species, they have a distinctive stalk consisting of a fibrillose tube having amorphous material in the lower region and closing at the upper end to produce a solid region. This morphology, along with developmental and DNA studies indicate that this order is probably the evolutionary basal group of the dark-spored myxomycetes.Key words -amoeboflagellate -Barbeyella -Clastoderma -Echinostelium -plasmodiumSemimorula -sporangia IntroductionThe minute sporangia of Echinostelium minutum, Clastoderma debaryanum and Barbeyella minutissima were discovered and named between 1874 and 1914. However, they were seldom collected and little was known of their developmental history except for Guliema Lister's early studies on spore germination, swarm cells and dividing myxamoebae; see Haskins (1988) for a discussion of her workbooks. However, it was the culture studies of Alexopoulos (1960), Olive (1960), and McManus (1961) that determined their basic biology and stimulated the search for additional species; with the descriptions of thirteen new Echinostelium species, two new Clastoderma species, and a new genus and species Semimorula liquescens (Haskins et al. 1983). The Echinosteliales are a relatively small order of myxomycetes with minute sporophores, that are generally designated sporocarps (produce internal spores) and they have a distinctive shape and size and are therefore sporangia. These sporangia, except for their minute size, are similar in structure and form to the vast majority of the sporocarps of the other orders of myxomycetes. Sporangia normally consist of two parts − the sporotheca which contains the spores, and the stipe which lifts the sporotheca off of the substrate (presumably for better spore dispersal). The stipe, which is present in all but one species in the order, consists of three continuous regions: the

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“…Nevertheless, the picture from these pioneering studies indicates that each morphospecies could be composed of an intricate pattern of core sexual strains, surrounded by a swarm of asexually reproducing clones that differ genetically and may differ in observable morphological traits (see [25] and references therein; [26]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Structure of Two Protist Species (Myxogastria, Amoebozoa) Suggests Asexual Reproduction in Sexual Amoebae

Fiore-Donno

Novozhilov²,

Meyer³

et al. 2011

PLoS ONE

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Plasmodial slime molds (Myxogastria or Myxomycetes) are common and widespread unicellular organisms that are commonly assumed to have a sexual life cycle culminating with the formation of often macroscopic fruiting bodies that efficiently disseminate spores. However, laboratory studies based on mating compatibility revealed the coexistence of asexual as well as sexual strains. To test this hypothesis in natural populations, we investigated the genetic variability of two species of the genus Lamproderma. Detailed ecological relevés were carried out in 2007 and 2009 in several deep ravines in the Elbsandsteingebirge (Saxony, south-eastern Germany). Morphological characters of 93 specimens of Lamproderma were recorded and genetic analyses, based on the small subunit ribosomal gene, the internal transcribed spacer 1 and partial elongation factor 1α sequences were carried out for 52 specimens. Genetic analyses showed the existence of two major clades, each composed of several discrete lineages. Most of these lineages were composed of several identical sequences (SSU, ITS 1 and EF-1α) which is explained best by an asexual mode of reproduction. Detrended Correspondence Analysis of morphological characters revealed two morphospecies that corresponded to the two major clades, except for one genotype (Lc6), thus challenging the morphospecies concept. Genetic patterns were not related to the geographical distribution: specimens belonging to the same genotype were found in distinct ravines, suggesting effective long-distance dispersal via spores, except for the Lc6 genotype which was found only in one ravine. Implications for the morphological and biological species concept are discussed.

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The nuclear reproductive cycle in the myxomycetes: a review

Cited by 44 publications

References 87 publications

Origins of Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

Origins of Eukaryotic Sexual Reproduction

A guide to the biology and taxonomy of the Echinosteliales

Genetic Structure of Two Protist Species (Myxogastria, Amoebozoa) Suggests Asexual Reproduction in Sexual Amoebae

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