The nucleophilicity of chloride ion toward carbonyl carbon

Jones, L. B.; Foster, James P.

doi:10.1021/jo01284a059

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…This parallels the behavior towards the silver (I) ion, also a powerful reagent for electrophilic assistance to removal of chloride ion from carbon [43]. In 50% acetonitrile–50% water, the rates of solvolysis of ethyl chloroformate were unchanged on adding silver perchlorate [44]. Indeed, in contrast to the reactions of alkyl halides [43], the reactions of alkyl chloroformates with silver nitrate in acetonitrile involve either attack by silver-ion (2° alkyl) [45] or by nitrate ion (methyl or 1° alkyl) [46], but not by both simultaneously.…”

Section: Solvolyses Of Nn-dialkylcarbamoyl Chloridesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Mechanistic Studies of the Solvolyses of Carbamoyl Chlorides and Related Reactions

D’Souza

Kevill

2016

IJMS

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Carbamoyl chlorides are important intermediates, both in the research laboratory and in industrial scale syntheses. The most studied and used are the disubstituted derivatives, incorporating either aryl or alkyl groups (Ar2NCOCl or R2NCOCl). Sometimes, the groups are tied back to give a ring and piperidino- and morpholino-derivatives are commonly encountered. Some studies have been made with two different groups attached. Solvolyses tend to occur at the carbonyl carbon, with replacement of the chloride ion. Studies of both rate and products are reviewed and the solvolysis reactions are usually SN1, although addition of an amine leads to a superimposable bimolecular component. Many of the studies under solvolytic conditions include the application of the extended Grunwald–Winstein equation. The monosubstituted derivatives (ArNHCOCl or RNHCOCl) are less studied. They are readily prepared by the addition of HCl to an isocyanate. In acetonitrile, they decompose to set up and reach equilibrium with the isocyanate (ArNCO or RNCO) and HCl. Considering that the structurally related formyl chloride (HOCOCl) is highly unstable (with formation of HCl + CO2), the unsubstituted carbamoyl chloride (H2NCOCl) is remarkably stable. Recommended synthetic procedures require it to survive reaction temperatures in the 300–400 °C range. There has been very little study of its reactions.

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