The Number and Distribution of Incompatibility Factors in Schizophyllum

Raper, John R.; Krongelb, Gladys S.; Baxter, M.

doi:10.1086/282030

Cited by 116 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For example, the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, originally thought to be one cosmopolitan species (Raper et al 1958), is in fact made up of three species, each with a unique geographic distribution (James et al 1999). Other examples of cryptic species with distinct ranges include the ascomycetes Histoplasma capsulatum (Kasuga et al 2003), Coccidioides immitis (Koufopanou et al 1997;Fisher et al 2001), Candida albicans, (Forche et al 1999;Schonian et al 2000), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Carbone and Kohn 2001a,b), and Neurospora spp.…”

Section: Biogeographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

et al. 2005

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Abstract. Microbes and other organisms smaller than one to a few millimeters in size are hypothesized to have global populations, in contrast to the geographically restricted ranges of larger organisms. However, fungi, which routinely have reproductive propagules no larger than 10 micrometers, challenge the generality of this hypothesis because recent studies have shown that globally distributed morphological species embrace two or more geographically restricted phylogenetic species. We used the concordance of gene genealogies to recognize phylogenetic species in the globally distributed opportunistic human pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus. Based on DNA sequence data of five loci for each of 63 individuals collected from five continents, we have delineated two phylogenetic species in this single morphological species. Unlike all other fungi examined to date, both genetically isolated groups showed a global distribution with no evidence of a correlation between genotype and geographic location. Sexual reproduction has never been observed in A. fumigatus, but when the same data were used to explore the association of alleles at the five loci for one of the phylogenetic species, evidence was found to support recombination. The discovery of a cryptic species is medically relevant because different species are likely to differ in virulence or drug resistance. The discovery of a globally distributed A. fumigatus species clade highlights the need for ecological studies of the fungus to either document global dispersal or propose alternative mechanisms by which it persists as single, global phylogenetic population.

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Section: Biogeographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

et al. 2005

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“…If the incompatibility factors consisted of only one locus each, the inbreeding potential would be 25 per cent., the minimum possible fot a tetrapolar species. The outbreeding potential, on the other hand, is a function of the number of factor specificities (Raper, Krongelb and Baxter, 1958), and the presence of two loci, each with a series of alternate alleles, increases the number of factor specificities enormously. The presence of two-locus incompatibility factors plus genes controlling the amount of recombination between the pairs of linked loci appears to be a compromise between the needs to maximise outbreeding (by increasing the number of factor specificities) and minimise inbreeding (by keeping the frequency of intrafactor recombination low).…”

Section: Dxscussior'imentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic control of recombination in Schizophyllum commune: the occurrence and significance of natural variation

Stamberg

1969

Heredity

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“…While the fusion of two monokaryotic hyphae (plasmogamy) is independent of mating types, specific steps of sexual development are regulated by the mating type genes encoded in the loci A and B (25, 47). For each of these loci, two linked, multiallelic subloci (termed ␣ and ␤) have been determined by recombination analyses (27,49,51,65). The A loci encode homeodomain transcription factors, while the B loci code for multiallelic pheromone receptors and pheromones (55,63,66).…”

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confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Functional Analysis of Mating in the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

et al. 2012

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In this study, we undertook a functional characterization and transcriptome analysis that enabled a comprehensive study of the mating type loci of the mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Induced expression of both the bar2 receptor and the bap2(2) pheromone gene within 6 to 12 h after mates' contact was demonstrated by quantitative real-time PCR. Similar temporal expression patterns were confirmed for the allelic bbr1 receptor and bbp1 pheromone-encoding genes by Northern hybridization. Interestingly, the fusion of clamp connections to the subterminal cell was delayed in mating interactions in which one of the compatible partners expressed the bar2 receptor with a truncated C terminus. This developmental delay allowed the visualization of a green fluorescent protein (Gfp)-labeled truncated receptor at the cell periphery, consistent with a localization in the plasma membrane of unfused pseudoclamps. This finding does not support hypotheses envisioning a receptor localization to the nuclear membrane facilitating recognition between the two different nuclei present in each dikaryotic cell. Rather, Gfp fluorescence observed in such pseudoclamps indicated a role of receptor-pheromone interaction in clamp fusion. Transcriptome changes associated with mating interactions were analyzed in order to identify a role for pheromone-receptor interactions. We detected a total of 89 genes that were transcriptionally regulated in a mating type locus A-dependent manner, employing a cutoff of 5-fold changes in transcript abundance. Upregulation in cell cycle-related genes and downregulation of genes involved in metabolism were seen with this set of experiments. In contrast, mating type locus B-dependent transcriptome changes were observed in 208 genes, with a specific impact on genes related to cell wall and membrane metabolism, stress response, and the redox status of the cell.T he filamentous fungus Schizophyllum commune is a widely distributed mushroom that lives saprophytically and can cause white rot on wood. It has been extensively used to study mating interactions for almost 100 years (47). In addition to studies involving the mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea and the corn smut Ustilago maydis, the mating type genes have been extensively analyzed for this tetrapolar basidiomycete (4, 29). The recent publication of the S. commune genome sequence enables global expression analyses (41). During the life cycle of this fungus, compatible haploid monokaryons can mate to produce a fertile dikaryon with two nuclei per cell, one derived from each mating partner. Under appropriate environmental conditions, the dikaryon is able to form the sexual reproductive fruiting bodies (40). While the fusion of two monokaryotic hyphae (plasmogamy) is independent of mating types, specific steps of sexual development are regulated by the mating type genes encoded in the loci A and B (25, 47). For each of these loci, two linked, multiallelic subloci (termed ␣ and ␤) have been determined by recombination analyses (27,49,51,65). The A loci encode homeodomain ...

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The Number and Distribution of Incompatibility Factors in Schizophyllum

Cited by 116 publications

References 5 publications

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Cryptic Speciation in the Cosmopolitan and Clonal Human Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus Fumigatus

Genetic control of recombination in Schizophyllum commune: the occurrence and significance of natural variation

Transcriptome and Functional Analysis of Mating in the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune

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