The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition

Bettinger, Robert L.; Baumhoff, M. A.

doi:10.2307/280231

Cited by 256 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

131

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Formalism is significant in that it has led to the identification of rock art styles and traditions assigned to specific cultures and chronologies (Schaafsma 1985). Studies using formal rock art research help determine cultural boundaries, interaction, and isolation (Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982;Castleton and Madsen 1981;Curtis 1990;Keyser 1975;Lee and Hyder 1991;Monteleone 1998;Quinlan and Woody 2003).…”

Section: Formal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first hypothesis suggest superimposition of scratched petroglyphs over earlier pecked petroglyphs serves to obliterate earlier rock art Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) and Bettinger and Baumhoff (1982). Superimposition appears to be a significant association between scratched and pecked petroglyphs.…”

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data collected concerning temporal order suggests scratched petroglyphs are later than and always superimposed over earlier pecked petroglyph styles, consistent with this hypothesis. However, there is no evidence suggesting scratched petroglyphs were superimposed over earlier pecked petroglyphs to obliterate earlier rock art (Heizer andBaumhoff 1962, Bettinger andBaumhoff 1982).…”

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first hypothesis suggest superimposition of scratched petroglyphs over earlier pecked petroglyphs serves to obliterate earlier rock art and any power or significance it may possess Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) and Bettinger and Baumhoff (1982). Although superimposition can be easily identified, interpreting its behavioral intention is not straightforward.…”

Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first hypothesis suggest superimposition of scratched petroglyphs over earlier pecked petroglyphs serves to obliterate earlier rock art and any power or significance it may possess Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) and Bettinger and Baumhoff (1982 The second hypothesis recognizes that scratched petroglyphs are often added to pecked or abraded petroglyphs as an embellishment. Its possible that these scratches were added after pecked or abraded petroglyphs were manufactured to alter the original purpose of the design either in a positive or negative manner (Hedges 1973).…”

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Scratched Petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho

Hambelton¹

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examines rock art sites containing scratched petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho. Despite their research potential, scratched petroglyphs have received little attention in rock art research or literature. This study contributes valuable data to scratched rock art research and the corpus of rock art research in general. Two samples of ten scratched petroglyph sites were examined and recorded for a total of twenty petroglyph sites. Using formal and contextual research methods, multiple attributes of scratched petroglyphs are identified and analyzed. The formal qualities of scratched petroglyphs are examined to define the extent and to characterize the motif assemblage. This is significant in that it helps support the idea that scratched petroglyphs are distinct.Rather than just an alternative method to pecking, scratched petroglyphs serve a unique function that is different from and independent of pecked petroglyphs. Contextual analyses indicated that scratched petroglyphs are located in patterned and significant associations with artifacts, features, environments, and landscapes. The contextual analysis suggested that scratched rock art was produced in a public context in close proximity to subsistence related activities, perhaps in association with resource gathering events.There are various hypotheses that deal with the interaction between scratched and pecked petroglyph styles. Scratched petroglyphs occur both independent of and in association with other pecked petroglyph styles, although scratched petroglyphs do not commonly occur with any one pecked motif. When scratched and pecked petroglyph styles overlap scratched petroglyphs are always later than and superimposed over earlier pecked petroglyphs. Data was collected to test three hypotheses concerning the intention of association between scratched and pecked petroglyphs. It does not appear that scratched petroglyphs serve to obliterate earlier pecked petroglyphs or function as a sketch that would be pecked later. There is evidence that some scratched petroglyphs enhance earlier pecked petroglyphs however, this hypothesis cannot sufficiently describe the range of patterns and associations found in the Bennett Hills scratched petroglyph iii assemblage. Hypotheses suggesting associations between scratched rock art and other archaeological phenomena were also examined. The association between scratched petroglyphs and scratched stones is deserving of further research. It may also be too soon to dismiss the association between scratched petroglyphs and quartz. The examination of scratched petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills provides a unique insight into the minds of the makers of these petroglyphs, contributing valuable data our knowledge of the prehistoric peoples of the Bennett Hills and surrounding areas.iv Acknowledgements

show abstract

Section: Formal Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first hypothesis suggest superimposition of scratched petroglyphs over earlier pecked petroglyphs serves to obliterate earlier rock art and any power or significance it may possess Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) and Bettinger and Baumhoff (1982). Although superimposition can be easily identified, interpreting its behavioral intention is not straightforward.…”

Section: %mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first hypothesis suggest superimposition of scratched petroglyphs over earlier pecked petroglyphs serves to obliterate earlier rock art and any power or significance it may possess Heizer and Baumhoff (1962) and Bettinger and Baumhoff (1982 The second hypothesis recognizes that scratched petroglyphs are often added to pecked or abraded petroglyphs as an embellishment. Its possible that these scratches were added after pecked or abraded petroglyphs were manufactured to alter the original purpose of the design either in a positive or negative manner (Hedges 1973).…”

Section: Associations Between Scratched and Pecked Petroglyphsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Scratched Petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho

Hambelton¹

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Context of maternal lineages in the greater Southwest

Carlyle

Parr

Hayes

et al. 2000

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present mitochondrial haplogroup characterizations of the prehistoric Anasazi of the United States (US) Southwest. These data are part of a long-term project to characterize ancient Great Basin and US Southwest samples for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity. Three restriction site polymorphisms (RSPs) and one length polymorphism identify four common Native American matrilines (A, B, C, and D). The Anasazi (n = 27) are shown to have a moderate frequency of haplogroup A (22%), a high frequency of haplogroup B (56%), and a low frequency of C (15%). Haplogroup D has not yet been detected among the Anasazi. In comparison to modern Native American groups from the US Southwest, the Anasazi are shown to have a distribution of haplogroups similar to the frequency pattern exhibited by modern Pueblo groups. A principal component analysis also clusters the Anasazi with some modern (Pueblo) Southwestern populations, and away from other modern (Athapaskan speaking) Southwestern populations. The Anasazi are also shown to have a significantly different distribution of the four haplogroups as compared to the eastern Great Basin Great Salt Lake Fremont (n = 32), although both groups cluster together in a principal component analysis. The context of our data suggests substantial stability within the US Southwest, even in the face of the serious cultural and biological disruption caused by colonization of the region by European settlers. We conclude that although sample numbers are fairly low, ancient DNA (aDNA) data are useful for assessing long-term populational affinities and for discerning regional population structure.

show abstract

Desert Archaeology, Linguistic Stratigraphy, and the Spread of the Western Desert Language

Smith¹

2005

Desert Peoples

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition

Cited by 256 publications

References 15 publications

Scratched Petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho

Scratched Petroglyphs in the Bennett Hills, Idaho

Context of maternal lineages in the greater Southwest

Desert Archaeology, Linguistic Stratigraphy, and the Spread of the Western Desert Language

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About