The objective prong in sexual harassment: What is the standard?

Wiener, Richard L.; Vardsveen, Trace C.

doi:10.1037/lhb0000301

Cited by 12 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We dropped those who completed the survey too quickly because they did not have enough time to concentrate on the tasks and supply meaningful answers and we dropped those who took too long because the opportunity for distractions or assistance from others in completing the task was too likely. Dropping participants who spend too little or too much time completing online experiments is common practice (Berry & Wiener, 2020; Vardsveen & Wiener, in press; Wiener & Vardsveen, 2018). We dropped the unusable data before we analyzed any other data for Phase 1 or Phase 2 based upon the decision to use a two standard deviation cutoff.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The public’s judgment of sex trafficked women: Blaming the victim?

Wiener¹,

Berry²,

Wertheimer³

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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A victim-centered approach to fighting sex trafficking can result in apprehension and prosecution of traffickers and offer needed services to survivors. However, law enforcement officers frequently arrest sextrafficking survivors for prostitution in accordance with state law. This study examined the psychology of public reactions and judgments of sex-trafficking survivors demonstrating the importance of situational factors, cognitive stereotypes, and moral emotions. Using Stereotype Content Modeling to measure the stereotypes that 762 community members held about prostitutes, we found shared stereotypes that were low in competence (i.e., capable and skilled) and warmth (i.e., good-natured and friendly). These participants later read modified case facts from United States v. Bell (United States v. Bell, 761 F.3d (8th Cir. 2014)) that varied survivor history of prostitution, vulnerability, and prostitution as a subsequent livelihood. Participants who stereotyped prostitutes as low in warmth and competence were the ones most certain police should arrest the survivor. Moral emotion analyses further showed that a survivor with no prior prostitution history and who came from a nonvulnerable background invoked disgust and contempt, which predicted a higher certainty of the arrest. Moral emotions fully mediated the relationship between the interacting case facts and arrest certainty for the trafficking survivor. Future directions and policy implications are discussed. Public Significance StatementParticipants who stereotyped prostitutes as low in warmth and competence were more certain police should arrest the survivor of sex trafficking for violating prostitution laws as were those who read about a survivor with no prior prostitution history and who came from a nonvulnerable background, in part, as a result of the disgust and contempt which people felt toward the survivor. The results suggest that efforts to educate the public about victim-centered approaches to sex trafficking could lead to healthier outcomes for the survivors as well as more effective prosecution of traffickers.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The public’s judgment of sex trafficked women: Blaming the victim?

Wiener¹,

Berry²,

Wertheimer³

et al. 2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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“…Whereas declarative knowledge involves knowing what to do, procedural knowledge and skills are attained when knowing what to do is combined with being able to do it (Campbell, 1990;Van Iddekinge et al, 2009). The outcomes included in this category assess trainees' capability to make judgments as to whether various forms of behavior constitute SH (i.e., "judgments of SH"; O' Connor et al, 2004;Wiener & Vardsveen, 2018). Individuals need to be proficient in recognizing behavior that constitutes SH according to their organization's standards to effectively monitor and regulate their own behavior (Birdeau et al, 2005).…”

Section: Procedural Knowledge-skillsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of sexual harassment training on proximal and transfer training outcomes: A meta‐analytic investigation

Roehling

Choi

et al. 2021

Personnel Psychology

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Widespread agreement that training can play a key role in addressing workplace sexual harassment (SH) has led to a dramatic increase in employer-provided SH training around the world. However, summaries of published research have been qualitative in nature and have yielded inconsistent assessments of SH training's effectiveness in fulfilling that role. The study helps address those uncertain and sometimes conflicting assessments by providing the first meta-analytic investigation of the relationships between SH training and changes in trainees. We found that the largest SH training effect was on declarative knowledge learning (δ = 1.06), followed by attitude change (δ = 0.41), procedural knowledgeskills learning (δ = 0.39), and transfer outcomes (δ = 0.14). Significant moderating effects were found for scope of training, instructional method, and gender of trainees; however, the results varied by training outcome. The effect of SH training did not vary significantly as a function of the training delivery media, training duration, or training setting. Theoretical implications, directions for future research, and practical implications are discussed.

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“…This was generally the case when receiving information suggesting that a defendant officer acted unreasonably perhaps because, absent this information, participants assumed that the officer acted reasonably. Thus, the current research extends prior work on perspective-taking ability generally (Eyal et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2017) and work on perspective-taking ability in the law (Simpson et al, 2020;Wiener & Vardsveen, 2018) to the context of police civil liability by investigating whether social fact information can induce mock jurors into the perspective of a reasonable officer consistent with the current legal standard. Moreover, these findings show promise for broader applications of a perspective-getting approach to bring legal actors more into line with the law, such as with Title VI workplace sexual harassment law.…”

Section: Perspective-takingmentioning

confidence: 75%

What’s reasonable? An experimental test of the reasonable officer standard.

Vardsveen¹,

Wiener²

2022

Psychology, Public Policy, and Law

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Under the U.S. Supreme Court's legal standard for determining civil liability in Fourth Amendment excessive force cases, jurors must judge the reasonableness of an officer's use of force from the perspective of a "reasonable" officer on the scene by considering factors like a suspect's threat and resistance levels. However, despite a growing body of empirical work on judgments of police use of force more generally, research has yet to examine whether jurors adhere to the reasonable officer standard. To help fill this gap, the current research reports on two online experiments that manipulated suspect threat and resistance levels, along with suspect race and perspective-taking in the form of expert and social fact testimony suggesting what a reasonable officer would do in similar circumstances. The results showed that suspect threat level and perspective-taking information indirectly affected officer liability decisions through officer reasonableness judgments, but that suspect resistance level did not. The results also revealed the influence of various extralegal factors outside the legal standard on reasonableness judgments and liability decisions, including attitudes toward police legitimacy and feelings toward the Black Lives Matter movement. Thus, the findings across both experiments showed that mock jurors adhered to some aspects of the reasonable officer standard but that their own sentiments still influenced their legal determinations. Finally, expert, and social fact testimony related to use of force assisted mock jurors in making officer reasonableness judgments and liability decisions when applying the reasonable officer standard. Implications of this research for psychology, law, and policy are discussed.

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The objective prong in sexual harassment: What is the standard?

Cited by 12 publications

References 19 publications

The public’s judgment of sex trafficked women: Blaming the victim?

The public’s judgment of sex trafficked women: Blaming the victim?

The effects of sexual harassment training on proximal and transfer training outcomes: A meta‐analytic investigation

What’s reasonable? An experimental test of the reasonable officer standard.

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