The observed difference of macrophage phenotype on different surface roughness of mineralized collagen

Abstract

Biomaterials regulate macrophages and promote regeneration function, which is a new hot pot in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The research based on macrophage materials biology has appeared happy future, but related research on regulating macrophages and promoting tissue regeneration is still in its infancy. The surface roughness of biomaterials is one of the important factors affecting macrophage behavior. Previous study also found that the surface roughness of many biomaterials regulating macrophage polarization, but not including mineralized collagen (MC). In this study, we designed and fabricated MC with different roughness and investigated the influence of MC with different roughness on macrophages. In the study, we found that on the rough surface of MC, macrophages exhibited M1 phenotype-amoeboid morphology and high-level secretory of inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6), while smoother surface exhibited M2 phenotype. These data will be beneficial to understand the mechanism deeply and enrich biomaterials tissue regeneration theory, provide a new train of thought biomaterials inducing tissue regeneration and repair and guide the optimum design of new biomaterials, development and reasonable applications.

Tailoring Materials for Modulation of Macrophage Fate

“…[88] With regard to the mineralized collagen material (with different roughness from 0.92 to 12 µm), a rougher surface could lead to the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages toward M1 phenotype in vitro with high secretion levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6), while a smoother surface was able to promote the M2-phenotype polarization. [89] Corporately, when considering the influence of surface roughness on macrophage immune responses, in addition to the wide range of surface roughness to be designed, other parameters such as surface chemistry, charge and wettability may also need to be analyzed together to obtain a comprehensive understanding for suitable biomaterial surface design.…”

Inflammation and immunity gene expression profiling of macrophages on mineralized collagen

“…We demonstrated that the inflammatory and immune responses of macrophages cultured on MC were significantly lower than those cultured on collagen. Our previous study showed that MC modulated the macrophages' cell morphology as well as secretion of cytokines, such as TNF‐a, IL‐6, IL‐4, and IL‐10 in a time‐dependent manner 20 . However, the signaling pathways involved are unclear.…”

“…Simultaneously, MC induced chemotaxis and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, resulting in natural mineralized matrix and collagen, which further promoted the growth of new bone tissue 16,17 . Several studies have confirmed using both in vitro and in vivo experiments that MC promoted bone regeneration and stimulated osteogenic differentiation 18‐20 . In the recent, more and more experts and scholars have become increasingly recognized the importance of local environment surrounding regenerating tissue, and turned much attention to how the immune system can be manipulated to achieve the purpose of implanted scaffolds, especially in inhibiting foreign body rejection and strengthening the binding of scaffolds to natural tissue 22 .…”

“…However, there are limited studies that compare the impact of MC and collagen on the function of macrophages and the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated on a genetic level. Our previous studies described the interactions between MC and macrophages but lacked an in‐depth analysis on genetic mechanisms of action 20,21 . Therefore, we employed ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing (RNA‐Seq) in this study to explore the impact of MC and collagen on the expression profile of genes in macrophages and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.…”

Characterization and evaluation of a femtosecond laser-induced osseointegration and an anti-inflammatory structure generated on a titanium alloy

“…The upregulation of anti-inflammatory factors was observed in cells cultured on the hydrophilic rough surface, suggesting M2 macrophage activation. The significant difference between the FSTi group and the FTi group may be due to the wetting performance; Wettability has a stronger effect than roughness on interleukin secretion, it may not be the only reason for the increase in anti-inflammatory factors [ 67 , 68 ]. Therefore, these surface-specific reactions suggest that chemical effects may lead to unique genotypical responses and to eventual phenotypical responses through properly optimized surface properties that affect macrophage activation.…”