The occipital-vertebral anastomosis revisited

Abstract

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The topographical anatomy of the posterior auricular artery: a computed tomography angiography analysis with implications for reconstructive surgery

“…All measurements were rounded to two decimal places. Morphometric features of the SA and/or its associated anatomical area were measured/assessed in 19 categories: (1) PAA length ; (2) PAA diameter (at its origin) ; (3) PAA cross-sectional area (at its origin) ; (4) PAA branching angle [deg] ; (5) ECA diameter at the PAA origin ; (6) ECA cross-sectional area at the PAA origin ; (7) CCA diameter (just before bifurcation) ; (8) CAA cross-sectional area (just before bifurcation) ; (9) MA diameter (at its origin) ; (10) MA cross-sectional area (at its origin) ; (11) OA diameter (at its origin) ; (12) OA cross-sectional area (at its origin) ; (13) FA diameter (at its origin) ; ( 14) FA cross-sectional area (at its origin) ; (15) distance from the origin of the OA to the origin of the PAA (over the surface of the ECA) ; ( 16) distance from the origin of the FA to the origin of the PAA (over the surface of the ECA) ; (17) distance from the origin of the PAA to the origin of the MA (over the surface of the ECA) ; (18) distance from the PAA to the mastoid process (vertical plane) ; (19) distance from the center of the external acoustic meatus to the PAA (horizontal plane). The results were established in millimeters (mm / mm 2 ).…”

“…Its primary role is to supply blood to various structures in the surrounding regions, including the adjacent muscles, the parotid gland, the facial nerve, as well as structures within the temporal bone, auricle, and scalp [8]. Several studies have highlighted the variability in the general anatomy of the PAA and other branches of the ECA [10,11,16], including its morphometric characteristics such as length and diameter [14]. In fact, the length of the PAA exhibits significant variability, which lead to the development of a novel classification system by Tokugawa et al [14] solely based on these length variations.…”