The occurrence and biological significance of steroids in lower vertebrates. A review

Gottfried, H.

doi:10.1016/0039-128x(64)90080-7

Cited by 55 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…It is clear that progesterone and pregnenolone are readily transformed into cortisol and cortisone. This is in keeping with the general finding that these two hormones represent the major corticosteroids in the Teleostei (Chester Jones & Phillips, 1960;Phillips & Bellamy, 1963;Gottfried, 1964;Nandi & Bern, 1965).…”

Section: Attempted Isolation Of Aldosterone and Ll-deoxycorticosteronesupporting

confidence: 84%

Biogenesis of Corticosteroids in the European Eel Anguilla Anguilla L.

Sandor¹,

Vinson²,

Jones³

et al. 1966

Journal of Endocrinology

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SUMMARY Incubation, with [4-14C]progesterone, of adrenocortical tissue (posterior cardinal vein preparations) from the eel yielded 14C-labelled cortisol and cortisone. These two hormones, containing both 14C and 3H, appeared when similar preparations were incubated simultaneously with [4-14C]progesterone and [16-3H]pregnenolone. In addition, the following intermediaries were isolated: [14C, 3H]progesterone; [14C, 3H]17α-hydroxyprogesterone; [3H]17α-hydroxypregnenolone and [14C, 3H]21-deoxycortisol. Analysis of the isotope content of the end products and isolated intermediaries seemed to indicate that the transformation of pregnenolone to corticosteroids proceeded to a large extent through intermediaries other than progesterone. In none of these experiments could the formation of aldosterone be demonstrated. Similarly, incubation of eel adrenocortical tissue with a mixture of [4-14C]-progesterone and [1,2-3H]corticosterone failed to yield detectable aldosterone. A further search for aldosterone, using a large amount of eel adrenocortical tissue with [4-14C]progesterone and [16-3H]pregnenolone as substrates with added angiotensin, also gave negative results. In similar preparations, [1-14C]sodium acetate was not transformed to any recognizable corticosteroids.

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Section: Attempted Isolation Of Aldosterone and Ll-deoxycorticosteronesupporting

confidence: 84%

Biogenesis of Corticosteroids in the European Eel Anguilla Anguilla L.

Sandor¹,

Vinson²,

Jones³

et al. 1966

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Alternatively, other less common metabolic pathways for 17a-hydroxyprogesterone may be involved. 21-Hydroxylation can occur, since both adrenals and testes have 21-hydroxylase activity (Dominguez et al, 1960;Gottfried, 1964) and as is indicated by our findings with the testicular incubate. In addition, reduction of 17a-hydroxyprogesterone at C-20 and llp-hydroxylation (Lynn & Brown, 1958) is a further possibility to be considered as an explanation of pregnanetriolone.…”

Section: Speculations Regarding the Origin Of Pregnanetriolonesupporting

confidence: 81%

Steroid 17, 20‐desmolase Deficiency: A New Cause of Male Pseudohermaphroditism

Zachmann

Völlmin

Hamilton

et al. 1972

Clinical Endocrinology

158

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SUMMARY In a child with male pseudohermaphroditism (ambiguous external genitalia, XY sex chromosomal constitution and normal adrenocortical function), incubations of testicular tissue with pregnenolone/progesterone, 17α‐hydroxy‐pregnenolone/17α‐hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione/dehydroepiandrosterone showed that testosterone could be formed from androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone only, but not from other substrates. In urine, testosterone did not increase after HCG, but small amounts of pregnanetriolone were found, which increased after HCG and ACTH. There was no DHA increment after ACTH. It is concluded that this patient, as well as a first cousin and a gonadectomized maternal 'aunt' with the same clinical and urinary steroid findings have testicular and adrenal steroid 17,20‐desmolase deficiency, causing a defect of androgen biosynthesis, which has not previously been described. The heredity of this condition seems to be autosomal or X‐chromosomal.

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“…The high cortisone concentration in the peripheral blood of the platypus seems unusual as compared with mammalian species. However, in some non-mammalian vertebrates such as certain migrating teleost species, cortisone can be found as a major circulating corticosteroid (see review of Gottfried, 1964). On the other hand, the possibility that the high peripheral cortisone levels may be the result of stress, induced by anaesthesia and laparotomy, cannot be excluded.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Steroids by Monotremes: Echidna (Tachyglossus Aculeatus) and Platypus (Ornithorhynchus Anatinus)

Weiss¹

1973

Journal of Endocrinology

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The formation of corticosteroids from [14C]pregnenolone or [14C]progesterone by platypus and echidna adrenal homogenates was studied. Corticosteroids were assayed in the peripheral blood plasma of the platypus. In the platypus nine labelled conversion products were identified. The combined yields of cortisol and cortisone averaged 70 % and the combined yields of corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone averaged 14%. Aldosterone was identified in each experiment in yields below 0\m=.\1 %. In the echidna ten labelled conversion products were identified. Those in highest yield were 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol which contained, respectively, an average of 35 and 11% of the added substrate. The yield of corticosterone was always less than 1% and that of cortisol was consistently lower. Aldosterone was identified in all cases in yields below 0\m=.\05%.The yields of total 11\g=b\-hydroxylated conversion products from platypus adrenal exceeded 80%, whereas they were below 1 % from glands of male echidnas and 7 % from female echidna.The yield\p=m-\time curves for labelled conversion products from [ 14C] \ x=r eq-\ pregnenolone indicated that the biosynthetic pathways of corticosteroid production by the monotreme adrenal are similar to those in eutherian mammals.From stored endogenous precursors of a platypus adrenal incubated for 30 min, corticosteroids were formed in the following amounts (per 100 mg adrenal): cortisone, 5\m=.\1\g=m\g;cortisol, 1\m=.\3\g=m\g;11-dehydrocorticosterone, 1\m=.\5 \g=m\g. In the peripheral plasma of platypus the concentration of combined cortisol and cortisone was 14\g=m\g/100ml and the combined corticosterone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone was 1\m=.\8 \g=m\g. The mean ratio of adrenal weight (mg) to body weight (kg) was 39\m=.\5in the echidna and 257 in the platypus. The marked contrast in adrenocortical biosynthetic capacity of the two monotremes is discussed and a comparison of the results is made in relation to higher mammals.

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The occurrence and biological significance of steroids in lower vertebrates. A review

Cited by 55 publications

References 50 publications

Biogenesis of Corticosteroids in the European Eel Anguilla Anguilla L.

Biogenesis of Corticosteroids in the European Eel Anguilla Anguilla L.

Steroid 17, 20‐desmolase Deficiency: A New Cause of Male Pseudohermaphroditism

Biosynthesis of Adrenocortical Steroids by Monotremes: Echidna (Tachyglossus Aculeatus) and Platypus (Ornithorhynchus Anatinus)

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