The occurrence and fate of PCDDs and PCDFs in five bleached kraft pulp and paper mills

Exposure Evaluation of Dioxins in Municipal Waste Incinerator Workers.

“…Dioxins are also found in human adipose tissue, blood and milk 1,[4][5][6] . The main sources of dioxins are from the production of organic chlorinated herbicides, bleaching of paper/pulp and incineration of waste [7][8][9] . In Japan, incinerators are the major source 10) because most domestic solid waste (kitchen refuse, paper, wood, cloth, plastic etc.)…”

Application of Pattern Recognition Techniques to Evaluate Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran Distributions in Surficial Sediments from the Lower Passaic River and Newark Bay

“…Several potential historical and ongoing sources of PCDD/Fs are likely to have contributed to the presence of these compounds in bottom sediments. During the past 5 years, numerous industrial contributors to the aquatic environment have been identified, including discharges from bleached kraft pulp and paper mills (Kuehl et al, 1987;Swanson and Rappe, 1988;Amendola et al, 1989;Clement et aI., 1989), sewage treatment plants (Weerasinghe et al, 1985;, wood treatment plants (Christmann et al, 1989a), and manufacturers ofa number of widely used industrial and commercial chemicals Hutzinger, 1987, 1989;Scholz and Engler, 1987;Ree et al, 1988;Christmann et al, 1989b;Jan and Buser, 1989;Rappe et al, 1990). Many of these industries are currently active within the estuary or operated there after 1900 (NJDEP, 1989;RPI, 1989).…”

Sediment-quality assessment of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upstream reach of the Columbia River, Washington, 1992

“…Dioxins and furans have been reported in pulp-mill effluents discharged into the environment (Amendola and seven others, 1989;Clement and others, 1989). From 25 to 40 percent of dioxins and furans in the pulp-mill effluent was reported by Amendola, Handy, and others (1989) to be in the water phase, which was defined as the material passing through a paper filter with a nominal pore size of 2.5 urn.…”

“…OCDD is generally present only as a minor congener in reported analyses of dioxins and furans in effluent and sediment associated with pulp mills (Clement andothers, 1989, andRappe andothers, 1989) and in the analysis from the pulp mill at Castlegar (James McLaren, Celgar Pulp Company, written commun., 1992). OCDD has been shown to be a major congener produced by incineration of municipal solid waste (Czuczwa and Kites, 1986;Miyata and others, 1988), transported by prevailing winds in the atmosphere (Eitzer and Kites, 1989) and widely deposited in lake, stream, and marine sediments (Kites, 1990;MacDonald and Cretney, 1992;and Borman and others, 1989).…”

“…The source of the TCDF observed in sediment samples is likely related to pulp-mill operations. TCDF's, along with smaller quantities of TCDD's, have been reported to be the major congeners present in pulp-mill effluent (Clement and others, 1989;Amendola and seven others, 1989) and in sediments associated with pulp mills (Mah and others, 1989;Rappe and others, 1989 TCDF's and smaller amounts of TCDD's were consistently detected in samples of pulp-mill effluent discharged to the Columbia River at Castlegar between 1987(Celgar Pulp Company, 1992. With the exception of pulp mills using chlorine in the bleaching process, TCDF's are minor congeners in other processes that release dioxins and furans into the environment (Rappe and others, 1987).…”