The occurrence and geochemistry of fluoride in some natural waters of Kenya

Gaciri, S.J.; Davies, T.C.

doi:10.1016/0022-1694(93)90201-j

Cited by 248 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…Fluorine ranges between 100 ppm (regional metamorphism) and greater than 5000 ppm (contact metamorphism) in metamorphic rocks. The highest fluoride level between 30 and 21000 ppm have been reported in amphiboles found in metamorphic rocks [53].…”

Section: Metamorphic Rocksmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Malago¹,

Makoba²,

Muzuka³

2017

AJWSE

128

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Abstract:Fluoride has been reported to be among natural pollutant of water in Africa. High fluoride levels beyond the recommended World Health Organization limit of 1.5 mg/l has been observed in various Africa countries. However, the information is scattered in different publication medium. Therefore, objective of this work was to put together the information on fluoride levels in surface and groundwater in Africa, and describe the status and distribution of fluoride in water among African countries. This study assembled the secondary data of fluoride concentrations in surface and groundwater from the various literatures in African countries. Such countries represent southern, northern, eastern and western Africa. Descriptive statistics was used and results showed that elevated fluoride concentration occurred in countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Algeria, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, Sudan, Uganda, the Republic of South Africa and Ethiopia. The highest fluoride concentration reported was 2,800 mg/l in Lake Nakuru in Kenya. The high fluoride concentrations in water can be linked to volcanic activities, presence of thermal waters especially those with high pH, gases emitted from earth's crust, granitic and gneissic rocks. The high fluoride in water is severe in countries located in East African Rift Valley like Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. However, all the incidences of highest fluoride levels in water in the Rift Valley countries were found in surface water bodies. This is contrary, as it is expected groundwater to be more concentrated as compared to surface water due to more water rock interaction than in surface water bodies. There was no single study among many studies has reported the long term trend of concentration of fluoride in water with time. Thus, the effort to establish long term trend of fluoride concentration in water should be taken in consideration. This helps to predict future concentration of fluoride and possibility to minimize future risks. Also, fluorosis has also been reported to be endemic in fluoritic areas of Africa though, little is known on other fluoride negative effects. Therefore, more efforts should concentrate on finding appropriate defluoridation techniques to be applied while considering the cost of operation, efficiency, practicability, easy application and environmental friendly.

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Section: Metamorphic Rocksmentioning

confidence: 96%

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Malago¹,

Makoba²,

Muzuka³

2017

AJWSE

128

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“…It occurs in almost all water from trace to high concentrations (Gaciri and Davies 1993). Fluoride is an essential element for maintaining the normal development of teeth and bones.…”

Section: Spatial and Temporal Distribution Of Fluoridementioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride hazard and assessment of groundwater quality in the semi-arid Upper Panda River basin, Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Raju

Dey

Goßel

et al. 2012

Hydrological Sciences Journal

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Around 9000 inhabitants in the Panda River basin, Sonbhadhra District, Uttar Pradesh, India, are vulnerable to a "silent" dental and skeletal fluorosis from groundwater consumption. The fluoride source and seasonal groundwater quality variation were studied by collecting 65 groundwater samples in the Upper Panda River basin. Major rock types are phyllites and granite gneissic rocks. Fluoride concentrations are in the range 0.4-5.6 mg/L in the pre-monsoon season and 0.1-6.7 mg/L in the post-monsoon season. Fluor-apatite and biotite mica in the granite gneissic rock were identified as the main provenance of fluoride in the groundwater through water-rock interactions. Due to precipitation of calcium, soils become alkaline with high contents of sodium; these conditions allow fluoride to accumulate in water. According to risk index calculations, the fluoride-affected villages were shown to fall in the fluoride risk zone (with a risk index of around 1.7). On the basis of mineral stability diagrams, groundwater from the weathered and fractured aquifers appears to be stable within the kaolinite field, suggesting weathering of silicate minerals. The groundwater is chemically potable and suitable for domestic and agricultural purposes, except for a few wells in the southern region that are contaminated with high amounts of fluoride.Key words fluoride hazard; hydrogeochemistry; chemical relationships; seasonal groundwater quality; irrigation use; Panda River, IndiaRisques liés au fluor et évaluation de la qualité des eaux souterraines dans le bassin supérieur semi-aride de la rivière Panda, district de Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh, Inde) Résumé Dans le bassin de la rivière Panda, district de Sonbhadhra, Uttar Pradesh, environ 9000 habitants sont exposés à un fluorose dentaire et osseuse silencieuse dûe à la consommation des eaux souterraines. La source des fluorures, et la variabilité saisonnière de la qualité des eaux souterraines, ont été étudiées par la collecte de 65 échantillons d'eau souterraine dans le bassin supérieur de la rivière Panda. Les grands types de roches sont des phyllites et des granito-gneiss. Les concentrations en fluorures sont dans la gamme de 0,4 à 5,6 mg/L dans la saison précédant la mousson, et de 0,1 à 6,7 mg/L dans la saison suivant la mousson. Le fluor de l'apatite et le mica des biotites dans le granito-gneiss ont été identifiés comme la principale source des fluorures dans l'eau souterraine par le biais des interactions eau-roche. En raison de la précipitation du calcium, les sols deviennent alcalins avec des teneurs élevées en sodium ; ces conditions permettent aux fluorures de s'accumuler dans l'eau. Selon les calculs de l'indice de risque, les villages exposés au fluor se retrouvent dans la zone à risque (avec un indice de risque d'environ 1,7). Sur la base des diagrammes de stabilité des minéraux, les eaux souterraines des aquifères des zones altérées et fracturées apparaissent stables dans le domaine de la kaolinite, suggérant un altération des minéraux silicatés. L'eau souterraine...

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“…Fluorine commonly occurs as a negatively charged ion in water, either in trace amounts or as a major ion with high concentrations (Gaciri and Ad Davis 1993;Apambire et al 1997;Fantong et al 2009). Fluorosis is a very dangerous and deadly disease affecting millions of people across the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination of fluoride in groundwater and its effect on human health: a case study in hard rock aquifers of Siddipet, Telangana State, India

2016

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Hydrogeochemical investigation has been carried out in the granitic terrain of Siddipet area, Medak district, Telangana State, India with an aim to understand the distribution of fluoride in the groundwater and to understand the relationship of fluoride with other major ions, and also to identify the high fluoride-bearing groundwater zones. 104 groundwater samples were analyzed in the study area for fluoride and other major ions like calcium, magnesium, chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and nitrate in addition to pH and electrical conductivity. The studies revealed that the concentration of fluoride in groundwater is ranging from 0.2 to 2.2 mg L -1 with a mean of 1.1 mg L -1 . Nearly 22 % of groundwater has more than the permissible limit of fluoride (1.5 mg L -1 ), which is responsible for the endemic dental fluorosis in the area concerned. Geochemical classification of groundwater shows that Na-HCO 3 , Ca-Cl, and Ca-HCO 3 -Na are the dominant hydrochemical facies. Gibbs diagram shows rock-water interaction dominance and evaporation dominance, which are responsible for the change in the quality of water in the hard rock aquifer of the study area. The groundwater in villages and its environs are affected by fluoride contamination, and consequently majority of the population living in these villages suffer from dental fluorosis. Hence, they are advised to consume drinking water which has less than 1.5 mg L -1 fluoride to avoid further fluorosis risks.

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The occurrence and geochemistry of fluoride in some natural waters of Kenya

Cited by 248 publications

References 10 publications

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Fluoride Levels in Surface and Groundwater in Africa: A Review

Fluoride hazard and assessment of groundwater quality in the semi-arid Upper Panda River basin, Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Contamination of fluoride in groundwater and its effect on human health: a case study in hard rock aquifers of Siddipet, Telangana State, India

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