The occurrence and toxicity of herbicides in reef building corals

Glynn, Peter W.; Howard, Luke; Corcoran, E. F.; Freay, Ana D.

doi:10.1016/0025-326x(84)90170-x

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Corals are likely more susceptible to (i.e. less resistant to) disease when they are exposed to environmental stressors including sub-and supra-optimal temperature and salinity levels, or poor water quality associated with anthropogenic disturbances including eutrophication, sedimentation, and pollution (Mitchell & Chet 1975, Ducklow & Mitchell 1979a, Johnston et al 1981, Glynn et al 1984, Peters 1984, Hodgson 1990, Richmond 1993, Frias-Lopez et al 2002. Physical stressors such as temperature-induced coral bleaching may also promote disease susceptibility (Kushmaro et al 1997, Harvell et al 1999.…”

Section: Disease Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Sutherland¹,

Porter²,

Torres³

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

499

509

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Since the mid-1990s, coral diseases have increased in number, species affected, and geographic extent. To date, 18 coral diseases, affecting at least 150 scleractinian, gorgonian, and hydrozoan zooxanthellate species, have been described from the Caribbean and the Indo-Pacific. These diseases are associated with pathogens including bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists and with abiotic stressors including elevated seawater temperature, sedimentation, eutrophication, and pollution. Etiologies of only 5 of the 18 coral diseases have been determined through fulfillment of Koch's postulates. Corals and other invertebrates utilize innate immune mechanisms including physiochemical barriers and cellular and humoral defenses against pathogens. Here we review the described coral diseases, known etiologies, and efforts to determine unknown etiologies. We define disease terms, discuss the limitations of Koch's postulates, describe alternative techniques for identifying disease-causing organisms, and review coral immunology.

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Section: Disease Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Sutherland¹,

Porter²,

Torres³

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

499

509

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“…Global factors include predicted rise in ocean temperature (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999), storm frequency (Birkeland 1997), and oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations (Kleypas et al 1999). Pollution factors include elevated nutrients (Lapointe et al 2002), elevated toxicants (Glynn et al 1984), and reduced water clarity (Cook et al 2002). This model predicts that deteriorating environmental conditions will be expressed by increases in the number of places and number of species simultaneously experiencing epizootics.…”

Section: Effects Of Anthropogenic Change On Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?

Lafferty

Porter

Ford

2004

Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

330

232

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Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases in each of these makes it difficult to attribute recent changes in disease occurrence or severity to any one factor. For example, the increase in disease of Caribbean coral is postulated to be a result of climate change and introduction of terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased disease in turtles; (b) protection, pollution, and terrestrial pathogens increased mammal disease; (c) aquaculture increased disease in mollusks; and (d) release from overfished predators increased sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing and pollution may have reduced disease in fishes. In other taxa (e.g., sea grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there is little evidence that disease has changed over time. The diversity of patterns suggests there are many ways that environmental change can interact with disease in the ocean.

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“…Glynn et al [40] measured residues of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T in several coral species subject to massive mortality in the Gulf of Chiriqui in Panama during January to April 1983. Concentrations of 2,4‐D ranging from 0.20 to 20.05 μg/kg dry weight and of 0.38 to 19.38 μg/kg dry weight of 2,4,5‐T were detected in coral species collected there at the end of April 1983.…”

Section: Pesticide Studies In the Central American Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicology and pesticides in tropical aquatic ecosystems of Central America

Castillo

Cruz

Ruepert

1997

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

165

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Abstract-Although pesticide use is high in the Central American region, few studies concerning environmental levels and effects of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems have been conducted. In this review 18 studies were identified, most of which deal exclusively with organochlorine residues, but other chemical groups also were studied and found in tropical aquatic ecosystems. Only five studies considered effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms; four of these examined both the presence of pesticides in environmental substrates and field effects. Major research needs include studies on fate and degradation in tropical conditions; acute and chronic toxicity to native species; effects of temperature, humidity, and other characteristics of tropical conditions on toxicity, as well as effects of pesticides on tropical ecosystems.

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The occurrence and toxicity of herbicides in reef building corals

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals

Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?

Ecotoxicology and pesticides in tropical aquatic ecosystems of Central America

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