The occurrence of acute subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury as two typical acceleration injuries

Davceva, Natasha; Janevska, Vesna; Ilievski, Boro; Petrushevska, Gordana; Popeska, Zaneta

doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2012.04.022

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A high-speed movie shows that a single strike from the HIT device causes flies to contact the vial wall several times with their head and body 8 . To some extent, all contacts are likely to cause the fly brain to ricochet and deform against the head capsule, similar to what happens to humans in falls and car crashes 9 . Accordingly, flies treated with the HIT device display phenotypes consistent with brain injury, including temporary incapacitation followed by ataxia, gradual recovery of mobility, gene expression changes in the head, and progressive neurodegeneration in the brain 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in <em>Drosophila</em>

Katzenberger

Loewen

Bockstruck

et al. 2015

JoVE

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies using Drosophila have contributed important breakthroughs in understanding neurological processes. Thus, with the goal of understanding the cellular and molecular basis of TBI pathologies in humans, we developed the High Impact Trauma (HIT) device to inflict closed head TBI in flies. Flies subjected to the HIT device display phenotypes consistent with human TBI such as temporary incapacitation and progressive neurodegeneration. The HIT device uses a spring-based mechanism to propel flies against the wall of a vial, causing mechanical damage to the fly brain. The device is inexpensive and easy to construct, its operation is simple and rapid, and it produces reproducible results. Consequently, the HIT device can be combined with existing experimental tools and techniques for flies to address fundamental questions about TBI that can lead to the development of diagnostics and treatments for TBI. In particular, the HIT device can be used to perform large-scale genetic screens to understand the genetic basis of TBI pathologies. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in <em>Drosophila</em>

Katzenberger

Loewen

Bockstruck

et al. 2015

JoVE

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“…While the thorax region had the highest incidence of injury in fatal motorcycle-barrier crashes, HI predominates during the fatal motorcycle crashes in all single and multi-vehicle crash situations [9]. Results showed that acute subdural hematoma is more likely to occur in cases of simple fall, assaults and cyclists, while diffuse axonal injury is more typical for vehicular traffic accidents and cases of falling from a considerable height [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Demographic Profile and Pathological Patterns of Head Injury in Albania

Hoxha¹,

Çipi

Hoxha³

et al. 2014

The Open Access Journal of Science and Technology

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Abstract. Introduction: Head injury (HI) is a serious morbid state caused by structural changes of the scalp, skull, and/or its contents, due to mechanical forces. Generally, the most frequent cause of HI is road traffic accident (RTA), followed by homicidal and falling injuries. The aim of present study is to assess epidemiology data, causes and patterns responsible for HI among Albanian subjects. Methodology: All HI cases (1000) are collected by the Forensic Institute of Albania, based on medical and forensic records of traumatized subjects between 2007-2012. The prospectively-collected and descriptive information is focused on demographic data, responsible factors, type and level of cranial and brain injury, as well as their outcome. Results: The majority of HI victims were male (84%) of age range of 15yrs -35yrs (70%). RTA was the HI cause in 88%, followed by homicides (3.8 %), falling (3%) etc. With respect to injury mechanisms, extra-dural hematoma was found in 93% of cases, followed by cerebral edema (61%), cerebral contusion (37 %), skull bone fractures (35%), etc. Severe alteration of the consciousness was observed in 57% of the cases, while amnesia lasted longer than 4 weeks in 44% of the subjects included in our study. Discussion: This survey demonstrates that the majority of HI victims' is young and middle age males target group exposed to RTA. The increase of vehicles' use in placecountry-regionAlbania is more evident than RTA-related HI, indicating that driving newer vehicles with safer technology or helmets use while motorcycling can potentially decline the fatal outcome.

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“…The impact will accelerate the body and often throw the pedestrian several meters, leading to an instant deceleration when the head hits the ground. 6 An autopsy study found histopathological evidence of diffuse TAI, i.e., TAI in at least 3 brain regions and on both sides of the tentorium, 9 in half of the cases of lethal TBI in pedestrians involved in RTAs. 6 Similarly, in a large study of hospitalized pediatric TBI patients by Levin et al, over half of all children hit by cars while on foot or on a bicycle had lesions of the white matter or deep gray matter on MRI in the chronic phase of TBI (ranging from 3 months to several years postinjury).…”

Section: Tai and Rtasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, MRI studies have shown that TAI lesions in the thalamus and brainstem, and especially bilateral lesions, are associated with both low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores in the acute phase and worse global outcome in the long run. 24,32 Not surprisingly, TAI is most often found in patients who have suffered high-energy trauma, such as road traffic accidents (RTAs) 4,6,15,33 and falls from considerable heights. 3,4 However, there is now increasing evidence of TAI in all severities of TBI, 17,33 indicating that TAI may also be an important type of injury after low-energy trauma.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3,4 However, there is now increasing evidence of TAI in all severities of TBI, 17,33 indicating that TAI may also be an important type of injury after low-energy trauma. Some histopathological studies in the field exist, 3,6 but to our knowledge there are no previous studies using clinical neuroimaging to thoroughly explore the relation between cause of injury and TAI in patients surviving the acute phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Association of cause of injury and traumatic axonal injury: a clinical MRI study of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury

Moe

Myhr

Moen

et al. 2020

Journal of Neurosurgery

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OBJECTIVEThe authors investigated the association between the cause of injury and the occurrence and grade of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) on clinical MRI in patients with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).METHODSData for a total of 396 consecutive patients, aged 7–70 years, with moderate or severe TBI admitted to a level 1 trauma center were prospectively registered. Data were included for analysis from the 219 patients who had MRI performed within 35 days (median 8, IQR 4–17 days) and for whom cause of injury was known. Cause of injury was registered as road traffic accident (RTA) or fall (both with respective subcategories), alpine skiing or snowboarding accident, or violence. The MRI protocol consisted of T2*-weighted gradient echo, FLAIR, and diffusion-weighted imaging scans. TAI lesions were evaluated in a blinded manner and categorized into 3 grades, hemispheric/cerebellar white matter (grade 1), corpus callosum (grade 2), and brainstem (grade 3). The absence of TAI was analyzed as grade 0. Contusions and mass lesions on CT were also registered.RESULTSCause of injury did not differ between included and nonincluded patients. TAI was found in 83% of patients in the included group after RTAs and 62% after falls (p < 0.001). Observed TAI grades differed between the subcategories of both RTAs (p = 0.004) and falls (p = 0.006). Pedestrians in RTAs, car drivers/passengers in RTAs, and alpine skiers had the highest prevalence of TAI (89%–100%) and the highest TAI grades (70%–82% TAI grades 2–3). TAI was found in 76% of patients after falls from > own height (45% TAI grade 2–3), 63% after falls down the stairs (26% TAI grade 2–3), and 31% after falls from ≤ own height (12% TAI grade 2–3). Moreover, 53% of patients with TAI after RTAs and 68% with TAI after falls had cortical contusions or mass lesions on CT.CONCLUSIONSThis prospective study of moderate and severe TBI is to the authors’ knowledge the first clinical MRI study to demonstrate both the high prevalence and grade of TAI after most of the different types of RTAs, alpine skiing accidents, and falls from a height. Importantly, TAI was also common following more low-energy trauma such as falls down the stairs or from own height. Physicians managing TBI patients in the acute phase should be aware of the possibility of TAI no matter the cause of injury and also when the CT scan shows cortical contusions or mass lesions.

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The occurrence of acute subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury as two typical acceleration injuries

Cited by 23 publications

References 27 publications

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in <em>Drosophila</em>

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in <em>Drosophila</em>

Demographic Profile and Pathological Patterns of Head Injury in Albania

Association of cause of injury and traumatic axonal injury: a clinical MRI study of moderate and severe traumatic brain injury

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