The occurrence of Entomophthorales on the carrot fly [Psila rosae F.] in the field during two successive seasons

Abstract

Three species of Entomophthorales were found on adult carrot flies (Psila rosae F.) during two successive seasons: Entomophthora rnuscae (C.) Fres., Conidiobolus apiculatus (Thax.) Remaud. & Keller and Erynia sp. E. muscae was by far the most common species and caused epizootics in one carrot fly population up to 3 times per year. Flies caught in the hedge showed a higher infection level than flies caught in the field close to the hedge. Flies caught 200 m away from the hedge showed the lowest infection level. Apparently the hedge was the site of infection, since carrot flies, killed by E. muscae, were found there attached to the underside of the leaves. Flies caught on yellow sticky traps developed only to a limited extend symptoms and gave little information about the fungus infection levels.

Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii strains and four wild-type fungal species against adults of Bactrocera oleae and Ceratitis capitata

“…However other higher fly species have been reported to suffer high infection levels caused by fungi from Entomophthorales. Entomophthora muscae infects several species e.g., the onion fly Delia antigua, the wheat bulb fly Delia coarctata (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), the carrot fly Chamaepsila rosae (Diptera: Psilidae) (Wilding and Lauckner, 1974;Carruthers et al, 1985;Eilenberg and Philipsen, 1988); it also infects flies associated with animal production, e.g., the house fly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) and the lesser house fly Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Fanniidae) (Mullens et al, 1987;Mullens, 1989). The Hyphomycetes B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and Tolypocladium cylindrosporum have been reported to be pathogenic to the house fly (Steinkraus et al, 1990;Barson et al, 1994;Watson et al, 1995Watson et al, , 1996.…”

Formation and germination of resting spores from different strains from the Entomophthora muscae complex produced in Musca domestica

“…(Entomophthorales: Zygomycotina) often causes epizootics among adult house flies, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae) (Mullens et al 1987;Steinkraus et al 1993;Six and Mullens 1996;Keller et al 1999), other muscoid flies (Mullens et al 1987), and several other families of Cyclorrhapha such as Anthomyiidae (Wilding and Lauckner 1974;Carruthers et al 1985;Eilenberg 2000), Fanniidae (Mullens et al 1987), and Psilidae (Eilenberg and Philipsen 1988). (Entomophthorales: Zygomycotina) often causes epizootics among adult house flies, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae) (Mullens et al 1987;Steinkraus et al 1993;Six and Mullens 1996;Keller et al 1999), other muscoid flies (Mullens et al 1987), and several other families of Cyclorrhapha such as Anthomyiidae (Wilding and Lauckner 1974;Carruthers et al 1985;Eilenberg 2000), Fanniidae (Mullens et al 1987), and Psilidae (Eilenberg and Philipsen 1988).…”

A Third Way for Entomophthoralean Fungi to Survive the Winter: Slow Disease Transmission between Individuals of the Hibernating Host

“…It cannot be excluded that genetic recombination can occur by parasexuality or that resting spores occur under certain circumstances. In a study [ 29 ] the induction of resting spore formation in vitro of E. schizophorae (isolated from Chamaepsila rosae ) was successful, yet resting spores were not previously found in vivo from that host [ 16 ].…”

“…Another member of the E. muscae complex, Entomophthora schizophorae, is peculiar in that resting spores produced in vivo are not known [ 2 , 8 , 13 ] despite that the fungus infects dipterans living indoors (e.g., it infects M. domestica [ 14 , 15 ] and outdoors in temperate conditions [ 2 , 16 ]. For example, in a two-year study of this fungus in carrot flies, Chamaepsila rosae , [ 16 ] a high prevalence of E. schizophorae was documented but solely in the conidial stage. Apparently, resting spores were not produced by infected hosts, even at low temperatures [ 17 ], so winter survival structures in this host pathogen system are unknown.…”