The occurrence of selected human pharmaceutical compounds in UK estuaries

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Beibu Gulf, China: Impacts of river discharge and aquaculture activities

“…Owing to the aquaculture source in this gulf, the frequencies of SMZ and SDZ were both 42.9%, with concentrations up to 3.41 ng L À1 and 3.39 ng L À1 , respectively. <4 n a n a n a n a <20 na <4e569 (Thomas and Hilton, 2004) Although macrolides are widely used in human drugs, the corresponding figures for RTM, CTM and AZM were 31.4%, 25.7% and 25.7%, respectively, and their concentrations were all below 1 ng L À1 . It may be that these pharmaceuticals, which come from the industrial and municipal wastewater of rivers, were degraded and diluted as they travel over long distances.…”

Distribution, behavior and fate of azole antifungals during mechanical, biological, and chemical treatments in sewage treatment plants in China

“…Azole antifungals have been detected in wastewater and surface water in Europe (Berenzen et al, 2005;Gasperi et al, 2008;Kahle et al, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2010;Peschka et al, 2007;Roberts and Thomas, 2006;Stamatis et al, 2010;Thomas and Hilton, 2004;Van De Steene and Lambert, 2008). Persistence of clotrimazole, fluconazole, tebuconazole, and propiconazole has also been reported (Kahle et al, 2008;Lindberg et al, 2010).…”

“…Clotrimazole was found to interfere with aromatase activity in gonads and brain of larvae of Xenopus tropicalis (Gyllenhammar et al, 2009). Some azole compounds, e.g., clotrimazole and ketoconazole, are quite persistent and are likely to partition into solid environmental matrices (Huang et al, 2010;Lindberg et al, 2010;Kahle et al, 2008;Thomas and Hilton, 2004). Solid matrices, e.g., sediment and soil, may subsequently become secondary sources of contamination of azole substances in the environment.…”

Emerging Pollutant of Concern: Occurrence of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Asia with Particular Preference to Southeast Asia Countries

“…The occurrence of pharmaceutical in surface water and wastewater is already published and well documented in European and North American countries [5][6][7][8]. A published research concerning the occurrence of pharmaceutical active compounds in aquatic environments in Southeast Asia countries reviewed by Richardson [9] and indicated has no environment data for the fate and effects have been reported in Southeast Asia before 2005.…”