The Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP)

Balmaseda, Magdalena; Hernández, Fabrice; Storto, Andrea; Palmer, Matthew D.; Alves, Oscar; Shi, Li; Smith, G. C. Moore; Toyoda, Takahiro; Valdivieso, Maria; Barnier, Bernard; Behringer, David; Boyer, Tim; Chang, Yehui; Chepurin, Gennady A.; Ferry, Nicolas; Forget, Gaël; Fujii, Yosuke; Good, Simon; Guinehut, S.; Haines, Keith; Ishikawa, Yoichi; Keeley, Sarah; Köhl, Armin; Lee, T.; Martin, M. J.; Masina, Simona; Masuda, Shuhei; Meyssignac, Benoît; Mogensen, Kristian; Parent, Laurent; Peterson, K. Andrew; Tang, Yongming; Yin, Yan; Vernières, Guillaume; Wang, X.; Waters, Jennifer; Wedd, Robin; Wang, O.; Xue, Yan; Chevallier, Matthieu; Lemieux, Jean‐François; Dupont, Frederick; Kuragano, Tsurane; Kamachi, Masafumi; Awaji, Toshiyuki; Caltabiano, A.; Wilmer-Becker, Kirsten; Gaillard, Fabienne

doi:10.1080/1755876x.2015.1022329

Cited by 204 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Carton and Santorelli 2008;Xue et al 2012). Here we present a comparison of a number of state-of-the-art products as part of the Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP; Balmaseda et al 2015), which is an international research collaboration led by the CLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations Panel (GSOP) and the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) community. The scope of ORA-IP includes various aspects of the ocean state, including the following: sea level; mixed layer depth; ocean salinity; surface fluxes and mass; heat and freshwater transports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

et al. 2015

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regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the interannual variability of the ensemble mean exceeds ensemble spread, indicating that OHC variations are well-constrained by the available observations over the period [1993][1994][1995][1996][1997][1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009]. At deeper levels, the ORAs are less well-constrained by observations with the largest differences across the ensemble mostly associated with areas of high eddy kinetic energy, such as the Southern Ocean and boundary current regions. Spatial patterns of OHC change for the period 1997-2009 show good agreement in the upper 300 m and are characterized by a strong dipole pattern in the Pacific Ocean. There is less agreement in the patterns of change at deeper levels, potentially linked to differences in the representation of ocean dynamics, such as water mass formation processes. However, the Atlantic and Southern Oceans Abstract Accurate knowledge of the location and magnitude of ocean heat content (OHC) variability and change is essential for understanding the processes that govern decadal variations in surface temperature, quantifying changes in the planetary energy budget, and developing constraints on the transient climate response to external forcings. We present an overview of the temporal and spatial characteristics of OHC variability and change as represented by an ensemble of dynamical and statistical ocean reanalyses (ORAs). Spatial maps of the 0-300 m layer show large This paper is a contribution to the special issue on Ocean estimation from an ensemble of global ocean reanalyses, consisting of papers from the Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparsion Project (ORAIP), coordinated by CLIVAR-GSOP and GODAE OceanView. The special issue also contains specific studies using single reanalysis systems. The current work emphasizes the need to better observe the deep ocean, both for providing observational constraints for future ocean state estimation efforts and also to develop improved models and data assimilation methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

et al. 2015

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“…Yet, the multitude of assimilation-based analysis has to be interpreted in the light of poor observational constrains below the upper layer and large spreads between models due to the different dynamic schemes employed [52]. These sources of uncertainties and model biases are being tackled within the ocean reanalysis inter-comparison project [5], but their understanding will Due to its major role in the meridional and vertical rearrangement of heat, the Atlantic became in the last decade a targeted field for innovative observational experiments. The establishment in 2004 of the RAPID-MOCHA observing system to measure the MOC at 26 • N has led to unprecedented views on the internal dynamics of a critical ocean basin in the climate system [65].…”

Section: Observational Insights Into the Regional Dynamics: An Atlantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observational Advances in Estimates of Oceanic Heating

Desbruyères

McDonagh

King

2016

Curr Clim Change Rep

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Since the early twenty-first century, improvements in understanding climate variability resulted from the growth of the ocean observing system. The potential for a closure of the Earth's energy budget has emerged with the unprecedented coverage of Argo profiling floats, which now provide a decade (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) of invaluable information on ocean heat content changes above 2000 m. The expertise gained from Argo and repeat hydrography sections motivated the extension of the array toward the ocean bottom, which will progressively reveal the poorly known deep ocean and reduce the uncertainty of its presumed 10-15 % contribution to the 2006-2015 global ocean warming trend of 0.65-0.80 W m −2 . The sustainability and synergy of various observing systems helped to corroborate numerical models and decipher the internal variability of distinct ocean basins. Due to unique observations of the circulation in the North Atlantic, particular attention is paid to heat content changes and their relationship to dynamic variability in that region.

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“…The overview of this project is summarized in Balmaseda et al (2015). The previous vintage of ORAs (produced around 2006) has already been documented (Stammer et al 2010), and we will refer to it as ORAIPv0.…”

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Editorial for Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison Special Issue

Balmaseda

2017

Clim Dyn

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The Ocean Reanalyses Intercomparison Project (ORA-IP)

Cited by 204 publications

References 70 publications

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

Ocean heat content variability and change in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses

Observational Advances in Estimates of Oceanic Heating

Editorial for Ocean Reanalysis Intercomparison Special Issue

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