The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO
            <sub>2</sub>

Sabine, Christopher L.; Feely, Richard A.; Gruber, Nicolas; Key, Robert M.; Lee, Kitack; Bullister, John L.; Wanninkhof, Rik; Wong, C. S.; Wallace, Douglas W.R.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Millero, Frank J.; Peng, Tsung Hung; Kozyr, A.; Ono, Tsueno; Rı́os, Aida F.

doi:10.1126/science.1097403

Cited by 3,594 publications

(2,891 citation statements)

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“…It is a dynamic marine ecosystem and plays an important role in the regulation of the Earth's climate. The strong easterly flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) allows for oceanic exchange, thermohaline circulation and global heat exchange, as well as contributing to global CO 2 drawdown (Rintoul and Bullister, 1999), where it is estimated to absorb ∼20 Gt of atmospheric CO 2 annually (Takahashi et al, 2002;Sabine et al, 2004). Phytoplankton are the link that couples atmospheric and oceanic processes.…”

Section: Southern Ocean Primary Productivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

119

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Please cite this article in press as: Petrou, K., et al., Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate. J Plant Physiol (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.004 ARTICLE IN PRESS a b s t r a c tThe Southern Ocean (SO) is a major sink for anthropogenic atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), potentially harbouring even greater potential for additional sequestration of CO 2 through enhanced phytoplankton productivity. In the SO, primary productivity is primarily driven by bottom up processes (physical and chemical conditions) which are spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Due to a paucity of trace metals (such as iron) and high variability in light, much of the SO is characterised by an ecological paradox of high macronutrient concentrations yet uncharacteristically low chlorophyll concentrations. It is expected that with increased anthropogenic CO 2 emissions and the coincident warming, the major physical and chemical process that govern the SO will alter, influencing the biological capacity and functioning of the ecosystem. This review focuses on the SO primary producers and the bottom up processes that underpin their health and productivity. It looks at the major physico-chemical drivers of change in the SO, and based on current physiological knowledge, explores how these changes will likely manifest in phytoplankton, specifically, what are the physiological changes and floristic shifts that are likely to ensue and how this may translate into changes in the carbon sink capacity, net primary productivity and functionality of the SO.

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Section: Southern Ocean Primary Productivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is particularly concerning for the SO ecosystem, as the cold, high latitude waters of the SO are recognised as the world's largest CO 2 sink (Sabine et al, 2004). Responses of marine microbes to elevated pCO 2 differ among studies.…”

Section: Climate-driven Changes To the Southern Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Petrou

Kranz

Trimborn

et al. 2016

Journal of Plant Physiology

119

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“…About 30% of the atmospheric carbon dioxide has diffused into the ocean through the direct chemical exchange [1]. The absorption of CO 2 by the seawater results in a net increase in protons (H þ ) and a reduction in pH, which finally leads to ocean acidification (OA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Wang

Cao

Ning

et al. 2016

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

132

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a b s t r a c tOcean acidification (OA), caused by anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, has been proposed as one of the greatest threats in marine ecosystems. A growing body of evidence shows that ocean acidification can impact development, survival, growth and physiology of marine calcifiers. In this study, the immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated after elevated pCO 2 exposure for 28 days. The results demonstrated that OA caused an increase of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes. Moreover, elevated pCO 2 had an inhibitory effect on some antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased the GSH level in digestive gland. However, the mRNA expression pattern of several immune related genes varied depending on the exposure time and tissues. After exposure to pCO 2 at~2000 ppm for 28 days, the mRNA expressions of almost all tested genes were significantly suppressed in gills and stimulated in hemocytes. Above all, our study demonstrated that elevated pCO 2 have a significant impact on the immune systems of the Pacific oyster, which may constitute as a potential threat to increased susceptibility of bivalves to diseases.

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“…At the global ocean scale, modelers have noted a decrease of 0.1 pH unit, between 1750 and 1994, in the ocean surface layers (equivalent to a 30% increase of [H + ] ions ; Sabine et al, 2004 ;Raven et al, 2005 ;Orr et al, 2005). However, time-series studies conducted in the North Pacific Ocean between 1988 and 2007 (Dore et al, 2009) and in the North Atlantic Subtropical gyre between 1983 and 2011 (Bates et al, 2012) have documented a significant long-term decreasing trend of 0.05 pH unit (0.0019 and 0.0017 unit yr -1 in the North Pacific and the North Atlantic respectively).…”

Section: Acidification Estimates Of the Mediterranean Seamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Forecasts of the Mediterranean Sea Acidification

et al. 2016

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Anthropogenic CO2 is a major driver of the present ocean acidification. This latter is threatening the marine ecosystems and has been identified as a major environmental and economic menace. This study aims to forecast from the thermodynamic equations, the acidification variation (ΔpH) of the Mediterranean waters over the next few decades and beyond this century. In order to do so, we calculated and fitted the theoretical values based upon the initial conditions from data of the 2013 MedSeA cruise. These estimates have been performed both for the Western and for the Eastern basins based upon their respective physical (temperature and salinity) and chemical (total alkalinity and total inorganic carbon) properties. The results allow us to point out four tipping points, including one when the Mediterranean Sea waters would become acid (pH<7). In order to provide an associated time scale to the theoretical results, we used two of the IPCC (2007) atmospheric CO2 scenarios. Under the most optimistic scenario of the “Special Report: Emissions Scenarios” (SRES) of the IPCC (2007), the results indicate that in 2100, pH may decrease down to 0.245 in the Western basin and down to 0.242 in the Eastern basin (compared to the pre-industrial pH). Whereas for the most pessimistic SRES scenario of the IPCC (2007), the results for the year 2100, forecast a pH decrease down to 0.462 and 0.457, for the Western and for the Eastern basins, respectively. Acidification, which increased unprecedentedly in recent years, will rise almost similarly in both Mediterranean basins only well after the end of this century. These results further confirm that both basins may become undersaturated (< 1) with respect to calcite and aragonite (at the base of the mixed layer depth), only in the far future (in a few centuries).

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The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO ₂

Cited by 3,594 publications

References 14 publications

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Thermodynamic Forecasts of the Mediterranean Sea Acidification

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The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2

Cited by 3,594 publications

References 14 publications

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Southern Ocean phytoplankton physiology in a changing climate

Effects of ocean acidification on immune responses of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

Thermodynamic Forecasts of the Mediterranean Sea Acidification

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO ₂