The Olfactory Nerve: Anatomy and Pathology

Ottaiano, Ana Carolina; Freddi, Tomás de Andrade Lourenção; Lucio, Luciane Lucas

doi:10.1053/j.sult.2022.04.001

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Injuries to the olfactory and auditory nerves have been documented in cases of facial trauma and as complications after cerebral artery surgeries. [52][53][54][55][56] The olfactory nerve traverses the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the nasal cavity. 52 It is considered highly susceptible to be injured during surgeries or traumas, such as those involving anterior cerebral artery aneurysms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 It is considered highly susceptible to be injured during surgeries or traumas, such as those involving anterior cerebral artery aneurysms. 53 Currently, there are no reported cases of olfactory nerve damage in LeFort I osteotomy. However, it is possible for anosmia to occur in cases where LeFort I osteotomy at a higher position than usual is required, and an undesirable fracture extends to the cribriform plate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two nerves that have not been reported to be injured are the olfactory and auditory nerves. Injuries to the olfactory and auditory nerves have been documented in cases of facial trauma and as complications after cerebral artery surgeries 52–56 . The olfactory nerve traverses the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the nasal cavity 52 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cranial Nerve Injuries in Orthognathic Surgery

Fukuyama,

2024

Ann Plast Surg

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Orthognathic surgery is increasingly utilized to correct facial deformities and dental malocclusions, as well as to enhance facial aesthetics. Significant advancements in surgical planning and execution have made it more widespread and accessible. However, unfavorable outcomes or complications can occur, leading to potentially severe and possibly long-term consequences, such as cranial nerve injuries. This literature review investigates the cranial nerve complications associated with orthognathic surgery. We conducted an extensive search across available databases, analyzing relevant studies published up to September 30, 2023. Two authors independently selected articles for full-text review based on their titles and abstracts. The eligible studies reported cranial nerve injuries in individuals who had undergone orthognathic surgery. Our findings highlight the risk of cranial nerve injuries, their possible mechanism, management, and outcomes. It is imperative for surgeons to remain vigilant and informed and to communicate such information during preoperative patient consultation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cranial Nerve Injuries in Orthognathic Surgery

Fukuyama,

2024

Ann Plast Surg

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“…Olfactory disorders caused by different nasal diseases are accompanied by different etiologies [19], leading to different degrees and properties of olfactory disorders. These causes are mainly divided into: (1) traumatic OD – damage or interruption of the olfactory nerve caused by nasal trauma and nasal surgery [20]; (2) obstructive OD – nasal benign or malignant masses and congenital anatomical abnormalities that can block the flow of odor molecules to the olfactory area and cause olfactory disorders [21]; (3) infectious olfactory disorders – infectious OD, such as acute rhinitis [22], allergic rhinitis (AR) [23], chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) [24], and so on; (4) neurodegenerative OD: OD with atrophy of the mucosa in the olfactory area due to inflammatory destruction, which occurs in diseases such as atrophic rhinitis [25].…”

Section: Etiology Of Nasogenic Odmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy of Nasogenic Olfactory Dysfunction

Li¹,

Feng²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Since the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a symptom of the onset of SARS-CoV-2, olfactory dysfunction (OD), has attracted tremendous attention. OD is not only a negative factor for quality of life but also an independent hazard and early biomarker for various diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. Therefore, early identification and treatment of OD in patients are critical. Many etiological factors are responsible for OD based on current opinions. Sniffin’Sticks are recommended to identify the initial position (central or peripheral) for OD when treating patients clinically. It is worth emphasizing that the olfactory region in nasal cavity is recognized as the primary and critical olfactory receptor. Many nasal diseases, such as those with traumatic, obstructive and inflammatory causes, can lead to OD. The key question is no refined diagnosis or treatment strategy for nasogenic OD currently. This study summarizes the differences in medical history, symptoms, auxiliary examination, treatment and prognosis of different types of nasogenic OD by analyzing the current studies. We propose using olfactory training after 4–6 weeks of initial treatment for nasogenic OD patients with no significant improvement in olfaction. We hope that our research can provide valuable clinical guidance by systematically summarizing the clinical characteristics of nasogenic OD.

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“…Olfactory hyposmia is often overlooked in the clinical treatment of IP and NP. IP is characterized by local aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, and malignant transformation, and it easily invades the olfactory nerve through the skull base ( 2 ), and NP is often accompanied by chronic rhinosinusitis, histological changes of the mucous membrane secondary to the inflammatory process may reduce the olfactory neurons ( 6 ). Once surgically removed, patients’ olfaction is not restored, which can seriously affect their quality of life, so it is beneficial to improve the patient’s prognosis if we intervene in advance for IP and NP that may invade the olfactory nerve.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

Yuan

Han

2023

Front. Neurol.

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Background and purposeInverted papilloma (IP) and nasal polyp (NP), as two benign lesions, are difficult to distinguish on MRI imaging and clinically, especially in predicting whether the olfactory nerve is damaged, which is an important aspect of treatment and prognosis. We plan to establish a new biomarker to distinguish IP and NP that may invade the olfactory nerve, and to analyze its diagnostic efficacy.Materials and methodsA total of 74 cases of IP and 55 cases of NP were collected. A total of 80% of 129 patients were used as the training set (59 IP and 44 NP); the remaining were used as the testing set. As a multimodal study (two MRI sequences and clinical indicators), preoperative MR images including T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T2-WI) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (CE-T1WI) were collected. Radiomic features were extracted from MR images. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression method was used to decrease the high degree of redundancy and irrelevance. Subsequently, the radiomics model is constructed by the rad scoring formula. The area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the model have been calculated. Finally, the decision curve analysis (DCA) is used to evaluate the clinical practicability of the model.ResultsThere were significant differences in age, nasal bleeding, and hyposmia between the two lesions (p < 0.05). In total, 1,906 radiomic features were extracted from T2-WI and CE-T1WI images. After feature selection, using 12 key features to bulid model. AUC, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy on the testing cohort of the optimal model were, respectively, 0.9121, 0.828, 0.9091, and 0.899. AUC on the testing cohort of the optimal model was 0.9121; in addition, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were, respectively, 0.828, 0.9091, and 0.899.ConclusionA new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators can effectively distinguish between IP and NP that may invade the olfactory nerve, which can provide a valuable decision basis for individualized treatment.

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The Olfactory Nerve: Anatomy and Pathology

Cited by 9 publications

References 14 publications

Cranial Nerve Injuries in Orthognathic Surgery

Cranial Nerve Injuries in Orthognathic Surgery

Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy of Nasogenic Olfactory Dysfunction

A new biomarker combining multimodal MRI radiomics and clinical indicators for differentiating inverted papilloma from nasal polyp invaded the olfactory nerve possibly

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