The olfactory receptors in vertebrates

Hopkins, A. E.

doi:10.1002/cne.900410109

Cited by 60 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Examination of living olfactory epithelium in vitro with a phase microscope in a manner similar to that used by Hopkins (19) served to confirm his results. In some preparations, regardless of whether the roof of the nasal cavity or the olfactory tubercle was examined, two types of cilia were found, an immotile type 80 to 200 ~ long and a motile type usually 25 to 50 ~ long but occasionally as long as 75 ~.…”

Section: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 70%

Olfactory Cilia in the Frog

Reese

1965

The Journal of Cell Biology

323

191

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Olfactory epithelium from the frog was examined in the living state by light microscopy and in the fixed statc by electron microscopy. Particular attention was paid to the layer of cilia and mucus which covers the surface of the epithelium. The olfactory cilia differed from typical cilia in that thcy (a) arose from bipolar neurons and had ccntrioles ncar their basal bodies, (b) were up to 200 microns in length, of which the greater part was a distal segment containing an atypical array of ciliary fibers, (c) wcre ohcn immotile, (d) had their distal segments arranged in parallcl rows near the surface of the mucus, and (e) had many vesicles along their shahs and had splits in the array of fibers in their distal segments. These specializations make the olfactory cilia similar to cilia found on other sensory cclls and support the theory that they are the locus where electrical excitation in the olfactory organ is initiated by contact with odorous substances.

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Section: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 70%

Olfactory Cilia in the Frog

Reese

1965

The Journal of Cell Biology

323

191

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“…Graziadei (1970) has observed variations in the secretory rate of sustentacular cells in amphibia. In addition, it has been assumed that the secretion from Bowman's glands constitutes the major source of the mucus (Hopkins, 1926;Gompper, 1950;Andres, 1966;Frisch, 1967;Moulton and Beidler, 1967). Although stimulation of the epithelial surface with pyridine failed to release secretory material from the acinar cells of these glands (Wesolowski, 1967), factors that stimulate secretion by Bowman's glands have not been investigated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Histological and histochemical studies of the secretory components of the salamander olfactory mucosa: Effects of isoproterenol and olfactory nerve section

1984

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Secretory components of the salamander olfactory mucosa, sustentacular cells (SC), and Bowman's glands (BG), were examined histologically and histochemically. In the aquatic larval salamander, SC in sensory grooves contained secretory granules; the submucosa contained a single layer of homogeneous, ductless glands. In the land-dwelling adult salamander, SC spanning a flat epithelial sheet contained vesicles. Subjacent to the epithelium in both dorsal and ventral mucosae lay BG whose ducts opened at the surface of the epithelium. In the ventral mucosa, two additional layers of olfactory glands (OG) lying below the BG were identified; ducts were not observed in association with the OG. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused depletion of secretory granules from BG and OG of larval, young, and adult salamanders but had no discernible effect on SC. Histochemical techniques (Alcian blue at pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, high-iron diamine, and the periodic acid-Schiff reaction) demonstrated that SC contained neutral, acidic, and small amounts of sulfated mucopolysaccharides (MPS), BG and OG contained only neutral MPS. In contrast, glands under adjacent respiratory epithelium contained both acidic and sulfated MPS. Unilateral olfactory nerve section ( ONX ) caused changes in the histochemical reactivity of acidic and sulfated MPS in SC on the ipsilateral and later on the contralateral side. Neutral MPS staining became enhanced first in the OG that lay under the BG, then in BG cells, and later in the deepest OG layer. Ipsilateral changes preceded contralateral ones. At 24 days post- ONX , some acinar cells in the deep OG contained acidic but not sulfated MPS.

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“…5,7 With the TEM it is possible to observe that their basal body is often not provided with rootlets and has one or more basal feet randomly arranged at its periphery as opposed to the unique and oriented basal foot of motile cilia. They do not show wave-like patterns, but mainly a random meshwork (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mucous Membranes of the Nose

Graziadei

1970

Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol

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The nasal cavities originate embryologically in all tetrapods from the head ectoderm as a pair of nasal sacs which subsequently acquire posterior openings (internal nares or coanae) and these lie within the mouth. The communication of the nasal cavities with the mouth has extended the unique olfactory function of these cavities, as observed in fish, to the one of air passageway where the air is conditioned (purified, warmed, humidified) before reaching the following portions of the respiratory apparatus. While in amphibians the coanae open in the anterior part of the mouth, in amniotes and more so in mammals, the palate provides a more extended separation between respiratory and digestive channels, a confluence of the two being maintained posteriorly at the pharyngeal level. Ectoderm is then responsible for the origin of all nasal epithelia inclusive of the olfactory epithelium proper. This latter, more specifically, originates from an ectodermal olfactory placode which in several vertebrates gives rise to the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's organ), rudimentary in man where it is present only in the embryonic life. In adult mammals and man the nasal cavities are separated anatomically and functionally in three main regions: 1) vestibular, 2) respiratory, and 3) olfactory.The vestibulum is the foremost part and is lined by common stratified epithelium similar to the one of the common skin. However, long hairs are usually present in the vestibulum called Vibrissae which have the function of filtering and trapping airborne particles. The respiratory portion is a large area of the nose where a columnar

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The olfactory receptors in vertebrates

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Olfactory Cilia in the Frog

Olfactory Cilia in the Frog

Histological and histochemical studies of the secretory components of the salamander olfactory mucosa: Effects of isoproterenol and olfactory nerve section

The Mucous Membranes of the Nose

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