The Olympic “Revolt” of 1968 and its Lessons for Contemporary African American Athletic Activism

Hartmann, Douglas

doi:10.4000/ejas.14335

Cited by 8 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…If one fails to give "proper" respect to these symbols, there are negative sanctions that may include stigma, harsh words, and even physical encounters (Bryant, 2018;Butterworth, 2008;Hartmann, 2019;McDonald, 2020). Yet, somewhat paradoxically, sports are also treasured for providing an escape from politics as well as the monotony of everyday life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, somewhat paradoxically, sports are also treasured for providing an escape from politics as well as the monotony of everyday life. Thus, challenges to those respites and seemingly "apolitical" values have periodically raised the ire of many people (Bryant, 2018;Edwards, 2017;Hartmann, 2019;Intravia et al, 2018;. Tamping down and even eliminating such challenges have served the political and economic agendas of those who want to avoid critical discussions about society, including the rationales for encouraging sacred sports nationalism (Bryant, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, some of the most iconic protests in American history have occurred during national anthem ceremonies at sporting events. Most famously, Tommie Smith and John Carlos raised black gloved fists at the 1968 Olympics in protest against antiblack racism and to recognize and support the Black Power and Olympic Project for Human Rights movements (Bryant, 2018;Edwards, 2017;Hartmann, 2019). Recently, protests during the national anthem have become common as a result of the lead of San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, protests during the national anthem have become common as a result of the lead of San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. In 2016, Kaepernick started kneeling during national anthem ceremonies to protest racial/ethnic inequalities, and particularly antiblack police violence (Bryant, 2018;Hartmann, 2019). Since then, other NFL players, as well as athletes in other sports at all levels of play, have also engaged in similar protest actions during the national anthem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is about respect for our country, flag and national anthem, (the) NFL must respect this" (Beauchamp, 2017, p. 2;Bryant, 2020;McDonald, 2020). In contrast, others have offered support for Kaepernick, been activated by his calls for reform, and viewed athlete protest actions during the national anthem as a social justice and human rights issue (Bryant, 2018;Hartmann, 2019;Intravia et al, 2018;Montez de Oca & Suh, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Should Athletes be Allowed to Protest during the National Anthem? An analysis of public opinions among U.S. adults

Knoester¹,

Ridpath²,

Allison³

2020

Preprint

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America is unique in its celebration of nationalism in sports. U.S. athletes have also historically protested, particularly racial/ethnic inequalities, at sporting events-- especially during the national anthem ceremony. Since 2016, attention has centered on Black NFL players, and others who have been inspired by them, protesting during the anthem against unjust police violence and other racial/ethnic inequalities. These actions have prompted discussions about these issues, but also discussions about why the protests may have been inappropriate. This study, using descriptive and multiple regression analyses of data from the National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3,993), examines public opinions about this issue. Results suggest that public opinion is now more supportive of athletes being allowed to protest during the anthem; although, considerable opposition persists. Black individuals and those who recognize racial/ethnic discrimination in society are especially likely to support the right of athletes to protest. Heterosexual, Christian, sports fan, and military identities seem to encourage opposition to the right to protest. Indicators of traditionalism and sports nationalism attitudes are also negatively associated with support for athlete protests. Overall, these results help to better contextualize and understand the controversy over whether or not athletes should have the right to protest during the national anthem.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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