The oncogenic pathways of papillomaviruses

Abstract

Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic and wild animals as well as humans. There are some Papillomavirus genotypes that can infect hosts different from their own, such as BPV 1 and BPV 2 originated from cattle, which can also infect horses and are responsible for fibroblastic tumours in horses. This review article summarizes the origin and evolution of papillomaviruses as an etiological agent in the historical process. The main focus in this review is the evaluation of the interactions between high‐risk papillomavirus oncoproteins and programmed cell‐death pathways. It further exemplifies the role of these interactions in the malignant cell transformation process. In parallel with this, the use and importance of the bovine model system to enlighten the papillomavirus‐associated cancers is discussed with an in‐depth examination. Furthermore, it focuses on the epidemiological situation of BPV infections in Turkey in the cattle herds.

The genetic diversity of “papillomavirome” in bovine teat papilloma lesions

“…The majority of the new genomes encoded only the E7 ORF ( Xipapillomavirus : BPV30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41 and 42; unclassified: BPV33), whereas others encompassed both E6 and E7 ( Xipapillomavirus : BPV40; Epsilonpapillomavirus : BPV32 and BPV43; Dyoxipapillomavirus : BPV31) or E5 and E7 oncogenes ( Xipapillomavirus : BPV39). The BPV oncoprotein E5 is the major transforming protein, showing malignancy activity and leading to cell transformation and tumorigenesis; however, it is not present in all BPV genera [ 2 , 43 ]. Previous studies showed that the E5 protein is present in Deltapapillomavirus , Epsilonpapillomavirus and in a variety of Xipapillomavirus genomes [ 2 ], which were detected in the present study ( Xipapillomavirus : BPV30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 and 42; Epsilonpapillomavirus : BPV32 and BPV43).…”

Genome Sequence of Feline Papillomavirus Strain P20 Assembled from Metagenomic Data from the Skin of a House Cat Owner

“…Recent studies have reported on the discovery and diversity of papillomaviruses associated with domestic and wild cats ( 3 ). Seven types of feline papillomaviruses, which may or may not produce both skin and oral squamous cell carcinomas in house cats, are currently recognized ( 4 ).…”

Feline Papillomavirus Isolate P20 Assembled from Metagenomic Data Isolated from the Human Skin of a House Cat Owner

“…In recent years, numerous studies have reported on the discovery and diversity of papillomaviruses associated with domestic and wild cats (3,4,5). Currently, seven types of feline papillomaviruses are recognized that may or may not produce both skin and oral lesions (5,6). Multiple studies in the last year have tied feline papilloma viruses to skin and oral squamous cell carcinomas in house cats (7,8,9,10).…”

“…Recent studies have reported on the discovery and diversity of papillomaviruses associated with domestic and wild cats (3). Seven types of feline papillomaviruses are currently recognized that may or may not produce both skin and oral squamous cell carcinomas in house cats (4).…”